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Figure 3 in Phylogenetic status and genetic diversity of corsac fox (Vulpes corsac) in Golestan Province, Iran

Figure 3. Haplotype network of corsac fox samples. Haplotype A included samples existing in GenBank from northern China (KJ140137 and NC0239580); other haplotypes belong to Iranian samples.

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Figure. Phylogram showing phylogenetic relationships estimated using maximum likelihood analysis of 16S rRNA and COXI gene revealed the grouping of Orthochirus iranus, O. farzanpay, O. stockwelli, O. zagrosensis, O. innesi (JQ514244.1 Morocco), and O. bicolor (KT716038.1 India), with the outgroup species Androctonus crassicauda (FJ217732). in A study of genetic diversity among different population of Orthochirus sp. based on cytochrome C oxidase subunit I and 16srRNA sequencing

Figure. Phylogram showing phylogenetic relationships estimated using maximum likelihood analysis of 16S rRNA and COXI gene revealed the grouping of Orthochirus iranus, O. farzanpay, O. stockwelli, O. zagrosensis, O. innesi (JQ514244.1 Morocco), and O. bicolor (KT716038.1 India), with the outgroup species Androctonus crassicauda (FJ217732).

Figure S2 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure S2. ABGD results of COXI gene. The histogram shows distribution of genetic distances among M. arvalis samples; yellow columns show mean intralineage distances and red columns show interlineage distances. The diagram implies the lineages according to initial partitions = Group 1 (n: 21): Anatolia, China, Asian and European parts of Russia; Group 2 (n: 16): Serbia, Hungary.

Figure S1 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure S1. ABGD results of CYTB gene region. The histogram shows distribution of genetic distances among M. arvalis samples; yellow columns show mean intralineage distances and red columns show interlineage distances. The diagram implies the lineages according to initial partitions = Group 1 (n: 56): Anatolia, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Siberia, China, Asian parts of Russia and one sample from Ukraine; Group 2 (n: 31): European parts of Russia, three samples from Ukraine, Western, Central and Eastern Europe.

Figure 7 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 7. Bayesian tree obtained from IRBP sequences based on HKY + G parameter (Hasegawa et al., 1985). Numbers on branches show posterior probability (pb) values above 50%.

Figure 6 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 6. Median-joining network obtained from IRBP haplotypes of Anatolian, Asian and European populations of M. arvalis. Number of mutations are shown by black lines on the branches.

Figure 5 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 5. Bayesian tree obtained from COXI sequences based on HKY + I parameter (Hasegawa et al., 1985). Numbers on branches show posterior probability (pb) values above 50%.

Figure 4 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 4. Median-joining network obtained from COXI haplotypes of Anatolian, Asian and European populations of M. arvalis. Number of mutations are shown by black lines on the branches.

Figure S3 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure S3. ABGD results of IRBP gene region. The histogram shows distribution of genetic distances among M. arvalis samples; yellow columns show mean intralineage distances and red columns show interlineage distances. The diagram implies the lineages according to initial partitions = Group 1 (n: 28): Anatolia, Serbia, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula; Group 2 (n: 1): one sample from Anatolia.

Figure 3 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 3. Bayesian tree obtained from CYTB sequences based on HKY+I+G parameter (Hasegawa et al., 1985). Numbers on branches show posterior probability (pb) values above 50%.

Figure 1. Figure 1 in Inferring phylogenetic relationships in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence diversities

Figure 1. Figure 1. Location map of AUMAC samples and GenBank Sequences (modified from Yiğit et al. 20161). Black line is the border of arvalis and obscurus forms; dotted lines show possible hybridization zone of the two forms. Western Europe (1: Orkney Island, 2: Spain, 3: France, 4: Belgium), Central Europe (5: Germany, 6: Switzerland, 7: Czech Republic), Eastern Europe (8: Austria, 9: Slovenia, 10: Bosnia, 11: Montenegro, 12: Serbia, 13: Hungary, 14: Poland, 15: Ukraine, 16: European Russia/Vladimir, 17: European Russia/ Arkhangelsk Oblast) groups are 'arvalis' form. Anatolia and its surroundings (18: Anatolia/Ardahan, Kars and Erzurum provinces, 19: Iran, 20: Armenia) and Asia (21: Russia/Orenburg Oblast, 22: Russia/ Chelyabinsk Oblast, 23: China/Xinjiang, 24: Siberia) belong to 'obscurus' form.

Fig. 9. A in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 9. A phylogeny of diapsids with the main transitions of the fifth metatarsal mapped onto it (based on Benton 1985; Evans 1988; Gauthier et al. 1988a; Sereno 1991; Dilkes 1998; Ezcurra et al. 2014). 1, plesiomorphic state; 2, diapsid synapomorphy: foot integration; 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 4, long-necked hooked MttV; 4', lepidosaurian synapomorphy: dorso-ventral inflexion of the long-necked hooked MttV; 5, ornithodiran synapomorphy: MttV straight, reduced in size and importance.

Fig. 8 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 8. Schematic relations between distal tarsals and metatarsals in diapsids and their out-group. A. Captorhinus, basal Amniota, Early Permian, North America (after Heaton and Reisz 1982). B. Petrolacosaurus, basal Diapsida, Late Carboniferous, North America (after Reisz (1981). C. Saurosternon, basal Diapsida, Late Permian South Africa (after Carroll 1975). D. Protorosaurus, Archosauromorpha, Late Permian, Germany and England (after Gottmann-Quesada and Sander 2009). E. Boreopricea, Early Triassic, Northern Russia (after Benton and Allen 1997). F, G. Macrocnemus, Middle Triassic, Italy (after Rieppel 1989: fig. 8D, F, respectively). H. Prolacerta, Archosauromorpha, Early Triassic, South Africa (after Gow 1975). I. Pamelaria, Archosauromorpha, Middle Triassic, India (after Sen 2003). J. Mesosuchus, Rhynchosauridae, Early–Middle Triassic, South Africa (after Dilkes 1998). K. MttV morphotype X, Early Triassic. Poland. L. MttV of Sophineta, Early Triassic. Poland. M. MttV of Gephyrosaurus, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Jurassic, UK (after Evans 1981). A–M all in plantar view. dTIV, MttIV and MttV. dTIV, MttIV, and MttV shaded in grey. 1 , plesiomorphic state; 2, diapsid synapomorphy: foot integration; 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 4, long-necked hooked MttV; 4', lepidosaurian synapomorphy: dorso-ventral inflexion of the long-necked hooked MttV. Not to scale.

Fig. 7 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 7. Schematic relations between distal tarsals and metatarsals in Archosauriformes. A. Erythrosuchus, Erythrosuchidae, Early Triassic, Africa (after Gower 1996). B. Euparkeria, Euparkeriidae, Middle Triassic South Africa after Ewer 1965). C. Riojasuchus, Crurotarsi, Late Triassic South America after Sereno 1991). D. Rhamphorhynchus, Pterosauria, Late Jurassic, Europe, Africa (after Wellnhofer 1991). E. Pteranodon, Pterosauria, Late Cretaceous, North America (after Bennett 2001). F. Scleromochlus, Ornithodira, Late Triassic, England (after Benton 1999). G. Marasuchus, Dinosauriformes, Middle Triassic, South America (after Sereno and Arcucci 1994). Dorsal (A, B) and plantar (C, G) views. dTIV, MttIV and MttV shaded in grey. 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 5, ornithodiran synapomorphy: MttV straight, reduced in size and importance. Not to scale.

Fig. 5. Sauria indet. morphotype X in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5. Sauria indet. morphotype X from the Lower Triassic of Czatkowice, southern Poland. A. ZPAL RV/1991, adult left MttV in plantar (A1) and lateral-slightly plantar (A2) views. B. ZPAL RV/1354, juvenile left MttV in medial (B1) and plantar (B2) views. C. ZPAL RV/1992, adult left MttV in dorsal view. SEM stereo-pairs.

Fig. 4 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Lepidosauromorph saurian Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009 (A, B) and morphotype Y (C) from the Lower Triassic of Czatkowice, southern Poland and Macrocnemus bassani (Nopcsa, 1930) (D, E) from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland. A. ZPAL RV/1990, left MttV in dorsal (A1) and medial (A2) views. B. ZPAL RV/1353, right MttV in plantar (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. ZPAL RV/1989, left MttV in plantar view. D. PIMZ T 2816, left MttV (reversed) in plantar view. E. PIMZ T 2472, right MttV in plantar view. A–C, SEM stereo-pairs. D, E not to scale, after Rieppel (1989: fig. 8B, E).

Fig. 3 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Archosauriform Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003 (A, B) and Archosauriformes gen. et sp. indet (C) all from the Lower Triassic Czatkowice locality, Poland. A. ZPAL RV/1347, adult, left MttV in plantar view. B. PAL RV/1346, young adult, right MttV in medial (B1), lateral (B2), and dorsal (B3) views. B1, B2, reversed. C. ZPAL RV/1993, right MttV in dorsal view. SEM photographs; A, B, stereo-pairs.

Fig. 2 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Comparison of fifth metatarsal architecture. Right bones in lateral view (A, B, C1, D, E2, F2) and in medial view (C2, E1, F1). A. Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), Iguanidae, Recent. B. Sphenodon punctatus (Gray, 1842), Rhynchocephalia, Recent. C. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and BorsukBiałynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland. D. Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980, Rhynchocephalia, Early Jurassic, South Wales, UK; straight line approximates not-inflacted shape of the MttV. E. Morphotype X, Early Triassic, Poland (left MttV reversed). F. Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003, Archosauriformes, Early Triassic, Poland. inf, inflection angle. Not to scale. A, B after Robinson (1975); D, after Evans (1981).

Fig. 1 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1. Comparison of the fifth metatarsal architecture. Left bones in plantar view demonstrate hooking and articular facet orientation (A1–C1, D, E1, F1) and in proximal view (plantar surface down) (A2–C2, F2). A. Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), Iguanidae, Recent. B. Sphenodon punctatus (Gray, 1842), Rhynchocephalia, Recent. C. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland. D. Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980, Rhynchocephalia, Early Jurassic, South Wales, UK (right MttV reversed). E. Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003, Archosauriformes, Early Triassic, Poland. F. Morphotype X, Early Triassic, Poland. The dashed lines approximate the outlines of the fifth metatarsals as seen in proximal view (for additional explanation see Material and methods). ha, hooking angle. Not to scale. A, B1, C, after Robinson (1975); D, after Evans (1981).

Fig. 6 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 6. General outline of muscle equipment of the lower leg and life position of the foot in Sauria. A. Varanus sp., left crus and pes in right lateral view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 8, reversed). B. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland, right MttV in lateral view; approximated life position. C. General courses and insertions of the peronei muscles in lizards, right pes in dorsal view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 11F, reversed). D. Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766), Recent, ZPAL z.p. RI/31, stereo-pairs of right foot: tarsus and proximal metatarsus in lateral view. E–G. Schematic drawings of foot showing proposed differences in levering conditions. E, G. Sauria. E. Plantigrade style with inflected MttV, as shown in A and D in squamates. F. Early tetrapods. G. Digitigrade style with straight MttV.