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91 results for “plant height”
Fall 2001 plant monitoring survey -- shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2001 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites. The quadrats were established as permanent plots at GCE sampling sites in October 2000 by placing wooden stakes at random locations across two nominal zones at each site, designated based on marsh structure (creekbank and high marsh). Several new plots were also added in October 2001 to replace those lost due to catastrophic wrack disturbance or creek bank erosion. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Fiddler crab impacts from observational study 2020-21: Aboveground & diatom biomass, plant height, percent N, burrow & mussel density, belowground biomass, and organic matter
The fiddler crab, Minuca pugnax, expanded its range into the Gulf of Maine recently and was first observed in the Plum Island Estuary in 2014. In 2020 and 2021, we investigated the impact of this burrowing crab on benthic microalgal biomass, sediment properties and the above- and belowground biomass of the cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. To accomplish this, we conducted a control-impact study in plots with and without fiddler crabs in three marshes in the PIE-LTER: Sawyer, Clubhead, and Metcalf. In its historical range (i.e., south of Cape Cod), M. pugnax, enhances Spartina aboveground biomass. In contrast, we found that, on average, when fiddler crabs were present, aboveground biomass was 40% lower in the PIE-LTER. We also found that belowground biomass was 30% lower and benthic microalgal biomass was 45% lower when fiddler crabs were present, which is in line with our expectations. Because fiddler crabs reduced the biomass of foundational primary producers in its expanded range, our results imply that M. pugnax can influence other saltmarsh functions such as carbon storage and accretion as they expand north. More broadly, our results suggest that as species expand or shift their range with climate change, not only can they have profound impacts in their new ranges, but that those impacts can be the inverse of what is seen in their historical ranges.
Supporting data sets for "Estimating Carbon Fixation of Plant Organs for Afforestation Monitoring using a Process-based Ecosystem Model and Ecophysiological Parameter Optimization". (the survey of tree breast diameter and tree height in 11-year old Eucommia ulmoides plantation, values of simulation results used in figures and tables.)
<p>Supporting data sets for Miyauchi et al., Ecology and Evolution, 2019 (accepted).</p> <p>The files store: </p> <p>(1) The survey of tree breast diameter and tree height in <em>Eucommia ulmoides</em> plantation<em>.</em> The ring and stem analysis and dry weight of seven harvested sample trees in the plantation.</p> <p>(2) Values of optimization result used fig.7.</p> <p>(3) Values of prediction result used fig.8. and table 4.</p> <p>(4) Values of optimized parameters by optimization methods, parameter range and constrain.</p>
Code & Data from: Development of a low cost open-source ultrasonic device for plant height measurements
<p>We here provide code and data for the study "Development of a low cost open-source ultrasonic device for plant height measurements"</p> <p>Code:<br> - Arduino code (management of the electronic circuit): "Arduino_ultrasonic_sensor.ino"<br> - OpenSCAD code (3D-printing): "3DShells_ultrasonic_sensor.scad"<br> - R code (statistical analysis of field test): "Statistical_analysis.R"</p> <p>Data:<br> - "manual_vs_sensor_controlled.csv": this file contains the comparison between the ultrasonic device and the ruler in standardized laboratory conditions. It has three columns: "manual_value", the height value measured manually; "sensor_value", the height value obtained from the ultrasonic device; "height_range", the interval to which the height value belongs (we worked with 25 cm intervals).<br> - "manual_vs_ruler_field.csv": this file contains the comparison between the ultrasonic device and the ruler in field conditions. Plant height measurements were performed on 26 sorghum genotypes. The file has four columns: "Genotype", the id of the measured genotype; "rep" the replicate (3 plants were measured for each genotype); "manual_value", the height value measured manually; "sensor_value", the height value obtained from the ultrasonic device. When using the ruler, the operator spent 15 min and 23 s to complete all measurements in the field, and 3 min and 27 s to enter all data manually in a digital file. When using the sensor, the operator spent 10 min and 52 s to complete all measurements in the field, and manual transcription was not needed since all measurements are instantaneously saved on an SD card.</p> <p>More details on the experimental data can be found in the article "Development of a low cost open-source ultrasonic device for plant height measurements".</p> <p>We also provide a tutorial to explain how to build the ultrasonic-sensor ("tutorial.docx")</p>
Height of Dominant Woody Plants Inside and Outside Exclosures Located in FP1
This study examines the effects browsing by mammals has on the function of the Alaskan taiga ecosystem. The primary emphasis is on the effects of browsing in winter by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and moose (Alces alces) have on primary succession on the floodplain of the Tannana River. On this floodplain exclosures established in the willow stage and alder stage of succession in 1988 have been used to evaluate the effect of browsing has had on vegetation dynamics, element cycling, soil chemistry. Additionally, the effect on vegetation type on the diversity and abundance of neotropical birds nesting on the the Tannana floodplain has been examinedand insects. This ongoing study has been in progress for 10 years.
Experimental Investigation of the Bubble Size Distribution in a Mini Plant Batch Bubble Column With Variation of Gas Flux, Bubble Column Height and Composition of the Liquid Phase
<p>This data set contains bubble size distributions (BSD) measured in a dN = 100 mm mini-plant batch bubble column. The BSD were measured using the optical multimode online probe. The liquid holdup, the feed gas volume flow rate/flux, the composition of the liquid phase (water or aqueous solutions of NaCl, EtOH, glycerol or Na2SO3) and the measuring position in the bubble column were varied. </p>
Cactus height increases the modularity of a plant-frugivore network in the Caatinga dry forest
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Cacti fruits are key resources to many frugivorous animals in Neotropical arid and semiarid regions. However, most studies have focused on a particular animal group or cacti species, but few have explored the overall interactions of such species at the community level. Here we monitored frugivory on five cacti species using camera traps that sampled diurnal and nocturnal interactions. We investigated the structure of interactions with bird, mammal, and reptile frugivores in the Brazilian Caatinga dry forest. We hypothesized that the height of cacti limit interactions with different types of frugivores, which would result in highly structured and modular interaction networks. In 2,929 camera-days, we recorded 23 vertebrate species feeding on cacti fruits, including seven new records, all determined to be primary seed dispersers. As predicted, the cacti-frugivore network was modular and non-nested, with the two shortest cacti species grouped in a module dominated by interactions with reptiles and non-flying mammals. The tallest cacti species were dominated by frugivory interactions with birds and had comparatively less interaction diversity than shorter cacti species. Our results support the contention that cacti are keystone species in semiarid ecosystems where they produce small-seeded fleshy fruits year-round.</span></p>
Data from: Host plant height explains the effect of nitrogen enrichment on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
<p><span>Nitrogen (N) enrichment is widely known to affect the root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community in different ways, for example, via altering soil properties and/or shifting host plant functional traits. However, empirical knowledge of their relative importance is still lacking. </span><span>Using a long-term N addition experiment, we measured the AMF community taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity at the single plant species (roots of 15 plant species) and plant community (mixed roots) levels. We also measured four functional traits of 35 common plant species along the N addition gradient. </span></p> <p><span>We found divergent responses of AMF diversity to N addition for host plants with different innate heights (i.e., plant natural height under unfertilized treatment). Furthermore, our data showed that species-specific responses of AMF diversity to N addition were negatively related to the change in maximum plant height. When scaling up to the community level, N addition affected AMF diversity mainly by increasing the maximum plant height, rather than altering soil properties.</span></p> <p><span>Our results highlight that </span><span>plant height</span><span> drives the AMF community dynamics under nitrogen enrichment at both species and community levels, thus providing important implications for understanding the response of AMF diversity to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition.</span></p>
Cactus height increases the modularity of a plant-frugivore network in the Caatinga dry forest
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Data from: Host plant height explains the effect of nitrogen enrichment on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
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Maximum plant height along transects: Successional Dynamics on a Resampled Chronosequence
The purpose of this observational study is to describe the dynamics of ecosystem succession. The change in the number, type, and amount of plant and grazing animal species is monitored in more than 20 fields. These fields were previously cultivated, but then abandoned from agriculture at various times in the past. The fields were left undisturbed for plants to develop from seeds within the soil or brought into the fields by wind or animals. Permanent transects have been established in these abandoned fields for purposes of sampling in a consistent location from year to year. Permanent plots along these transects have been used to sample soil nutrients, (in particular, nitrogen) abundance of vegetation, species composition and herbivore populations. The sampling occurs approximately every 6 years. In the initial survey, 100 quadrats of size 1 by 0.5 m were sampled per field in 23 different fields. Abandoned fields included in E014 are 4, 5, 10, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 32, 35, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 53, 70, 72, 76, 77. Fields 22(B), 29(A), and 69(C) were originally included in E014 but used for other purposes shortly after the start of the study. This experiment was established in 1983 and 1989 by principal investigators Johannes Knops and David Tilman. Past work at CDR and elsewhere has demonstrated an overriding influence of fire frequency in maintaining prairie openings and oak savanna at the prairie-forest border. Fire regimes harm some types of species while favoring others and drive light and nutrient dynamics, which in turn drive community functional attributes and diversity levels. Ultimately, fire frequency interacts with climate, N deposition, land use, and biotic invasion to determine the outcomes of tree-grass interactions and the dynamics of vegetation at ecotones such as the prairie-forest border in Minnesota. In 2006 each field was divided in half, and one half randomly chosen for periodic prescribed burning (a fire every other year). We anticipate that th
Percent light penetration and maximum plant height: Traits: Competition and Resource Reduction for Five Grass Species Grown in Monoculture and Competition in Soils with Different Nitrogen Availabilities
This experiment was designed to determine the relationships between plant traits, successional status, and resource reduction for five grass species that were grown for three years in monoculture in replicated field plots on soils prepared to have different availabilities of nitrogen. It also determines the results of competition experiments among various combinations of these species as well as the differing feedback effects of each species on soil nitrogen mineralization rates. All of this work has motivated the desire to more fully understand the mechanisms of interactions among plants and their resources, in the belief that this might eventually allow predictions of the dynamics, diversity, and composition of plant communities.
Maximum plant height along transects: Interactive Effects of Fertility and Distribution on Plant Community Diversity and Structure
There are four levels of nitrogen, corresponding to treatments A, C, F and G in E001, applied at the same time as in that experiment. For a description of fertilizer added to E052, see file fertilization details. There are four levels of soil disturbance designated 1, 2, 3 and 4. Level 1: undisturbed Level 2: 1 pass with a 7 HP Honda rear-tined rototiller with the elevator set to till to a depth of 9 inches Level 3: 2 passes or however many required to produce about 50% bare ground Level 4: 3 passes or however many required to produce 100% bare ground. This requires 3 passes in some plots but 5 or 6 in others. In addition, all woody vegetation not destroyed by tilling is cut at the base. Rototilling is applied in late April. Each fertilization treatment receives each disturbance treatment, for a total of sixteen treatments. There are four replicates of each of the sixteen treatments. In addition, the four extreme ends (lowest N, lowest disturbance; highest N, lowest disturbance, etc. ) are replicated an additional ten times. Treatments are applied in a completely randomized design. Each of the 104 plots is 5m x 5m. Measurements taken at E052 will include: 1) species abundances, 2) community biomass allocation to leaves/roots/stems/flowers, 3) above and below ground net primary production and 4) rates of nitrogen mineralization. For a list of treatments, see the treatment layouts in file trmte52. The plots in E052 are enclosed by a fence to exclude mammalian herbivores. Galvanized welded-wire hardware cloth with 6mm x 6mm openings was buried to a depth of 50cm. Additional hardware cloth extends 60cm above the ground and poultry netting extends to 2m above the ground. In 1990, ten plots of each of four treatments (N1D1, N1D4, N4D1, N4D4, where N is the level of nitrogen added and D is the disturbance treatment) were randomly selected for the competition experiment. The above and belowground effects of neighbors on transplanted grass seedlings were measured using three
Maximum plant height along transects: Seed Size and Establishment
The purpose of this experiment is to examine the importance among species differences in seed mass in determining the possibility of seedling establishment under different competitive environments. This experiment was set up in Field 61.
Canopy size, gap size, plant height, and scaled height in NEAT plots at Jornada Basin LTER, Summer 2017
This data package contains estimates of vegetation indicators derived from UAV overflights and comparable field observatons at the NEAT experiment in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico, USA. The purpose of this study is to develop a UAV-based remote sensing method that can estimate vegetation indicators in arid and semiarid rangelands. This method was used to characterize six rangeland indicators (canopy size, bare soil gap size, plant height, scaled height, vegetation cover, and bare soil cover) in a semiarid grass-shrub ecosystem at the NEAT site. The drone-based estimates were validated with field measurements by using the standard transect methods (gap intercept, drop disk, and line-point intercept methods) in the spring and summer of 2017. Further, we use these results to show possible applications of drone-based products on arid and semiarid rangelands: the spatially explicit input of an ecological model, to detect and characterize non-stationarity, and to detect landscape anisotropy.
The allometry of plant height explains species loss under nitrogen addition
<p><span>Light asymmetry, with a higher light acquisition per unit biomass for larger plants, has been proposed as a major mechanism of species loss after nitrogen addition. However, solid evidence for this has been scarce. </span><span>We measured the allometric size-height relationships of 25 plant species along a nitrogen addition gradient manipulated annually for eight years in a speciose alpine meadow and found that the positive relationship between species relative abundance and the height scaling exponent in natural conditions</span><span> disappeared after nitrogen addition. Those species with lower height scaling exponents increased in relative abundance after nitrogen addition, thereby decreasing the community weighted mean and dispersion of the height scaling exponent and ultimately the species richness. Our results provided some unique evidence for light asymmetry induced species loss after nitrogen addition and a new insight from the perspective of allometric scaling to explain biodiversity maintenance in the face of global changes. </span></p>
Data from: Height and clonality traits determine plant community responses to fertilization
Fertilization via agricultural inputs and nutrient deposition is one of the major threats to global terrestrial plant richness, yet we still do not fully understand the mechanisms by which fertilization decreases plant richness. Tall clonal species have recently been proposed to cause declines in plant species richness by increasing in abundance in response to fertilization and competing strongly with other species. We tested this hypothesis in a fertilization experiment in a low productivity grassland by using a novel experimental manipulation of the presence vs. absence of clonal species and by examining the role of height within these treatments. We found that fertilization decreased species richness more in the presence than absence of clonal species. We also found that only tall species increased in biomass in response to fertilization. In the absence of clonal species, fertilization increased biomass of tall nonclonal species. However, in the presence of clonal species, fertilization decreased tall nonclonal biomass and only tall clonal biomass increased. Fertilization caused almost all short species to be lost in the presence, but not the absence, of clonal species and caused greater declines in the mean and variance of light levels in the presence of clonal species. These results show that the traits of species in a community can determine the magnitude of species loss due to fertilization. The strongly negative effect of tall clonals on species richness in fertilized plots is likely a result of their capacity to decrease light levels to a greater extent and more uniformly than nonclonal species, and thereby drive the exclusion of short species. These results help clarify the mechanisms whereby fertilization decreases grassland plant species richness and suggest that efforts to prevent the loss of species under fertilized conditions may be most effective when they focus on controlling the biomass of tall clonal species.
Popek, R., Roy, A., Mandal, M., et al. (2024) Enhancing Urban Sustainability: How Spatial and Height Var-iability of Roadside Plants Improves Pollution Capture for Greener Cities - DATA
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FIGURE 2. Chamaecrista sparsifolia. A. Flowering branch. B. Plant height. C. Leaves. D in What's new in Chamaecrista (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) from the Brazilian Cerrado?
FIGURE 2. Chamaecrista sparsifolia. A. Flowering branch. B. Plant height. C. Leaves. D. Detail of inflorescence showing flowers and buds. E. Flower. F. Fruiting branch. G. Fruit. Photographs taken by Marcos J. Silva.
FIGURE 2. Chamaecrista frondosa. A. habitat. B. Plant height. C in A new species of the genus Chamaecrista (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Chamaecrista frondosa. A. habitat. B. Plant height. C. Habit (observe the globose canopy). D. Inflorescence (observe the vinaceous buds and yellowish trichomes). E. Flowers. F. Detail of the fruiting branch. Photos taken by Marcos José da Silva.
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