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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Geomorphic morphometric differences between populations of Speyeria diana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Fig. 1. Female (lef) and male (right) Speyeria diana specimens were photographed for this study. All specimens were photographed with a cm ruler for proper scaling.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2018View details →

Fig. 6 in Geomorphic morphometric differences between populations of Speyeria diana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Fig. 6. Principal components analysis showing separation of male Speyeria diana forewings from specimens collected from eastern (blue) and western (red) populations. Male hind wings from eastern populations (n = 131) were narrower than those from western populations (n = 102).

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Difference in reproductive mode rather than ploidy explains niche differentiation in sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula

Apomicts tend to have larger geographical distributional ranges and to occur in ecologically more extreme environments than their sexual progenitors. However, the expression of apomixis is typically linked to polyploidy. Thus, it is a priori not clear whether intrinsic effects related to the change in the reproductive mode or rather in the ploidy drive ecological differentiation. We used sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula to test for ecological differentiation. To distinguish the effects of reproductive mode and ploidy on the ecology of cytotypes, we compared the niches (i) of sexuals (tetraploids) and autopolyploid apomicts (penta-, hepta- and octoploids) and (ii) of the three apomictic cytotypes. We based comparisons on a ploidy screen of 238 populations along a latitudinal transect through the Eastern European Alps and associated bioclimatic, soil and topographic data. Sexual tetraploids preferred primary habitats at drier, steeper, more south-oriented slopes, while apomicts mostly occurred in human-made habitats with higher water availability. Contrariwise, we found no or only marginal ecological differentiation among the apomictic higher ploids. Based on the pronounced ecological differences found between sexuals and apomicts, in addition to the lack of niche differentiation among cytotypes of the same reproductive mode, we conclude that reproductive mode rather than ploidy is the main driver of the observed differences. Moreover, we compared our system with others from the literature, to stress the importance of identifying alternative confounding effects (such as hybrid origin). Finally, we underline the relevance of studying ecological parthenogenesis in sympatry, to minimise the effects of differential migration abilities

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Data from: Intraspecific correlations between growth and defense vary with resource availability and differ within- and among-populations

A paradigm in the plant defense literature is that defending against herbivores comes at a cost to growth, resulting in a growth-defense tradeoff. However, while there is strong evidence for growth-defense tradeoffs across species, evidence is mixed within species. Several mechanisms can account for this equivocal support within species, but teasing them apart requires examining growth-defense relationships both within and among populations, an approach seldom employed. We examined correlations between plant biomass (growth) and terpene production (defense) within and among populations of Monarda fistulosa, a perennial herb. We sampled populations from Montana and Wisconsin, regions that differ in resource availability characterized by different summer precipitation and associated abiotic conditions that influence plant productivity. We found negative, neutral, and positive growth-defense correlations, depending on the scale examined. Negative correlations occurred across populations originating from divergent regions, positive correlations occurred across populations originating from within the high-resource region, and neutral correlations were found within single populations. Collectively, these results challenge the general expectation of ubiquitous tradeoffs and support emerging views that resource availability (as it affects productivity) shapes the evolution of defense at different scales.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Critical thermal maxima of freshwater larvae (Serratella ignita and Baetis Rhodani), Scotland, from 10 populations at different times

The dataset includes a collection of Critical Thermal maxima values (CTmax) for 676 Serratella ignita and 155 Baetis rhodani specimens, sampled in 4 Scottish lakes in 2016 and 2017. The dataset indicates date of collection for each specimen, location, and body size.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

African elephant rumbles differ between populations and sympatric social groups: possible consequences of vocal learning?

Vocal production learning, the ability to modify vocalizations in response to sounds made by others, was a critical prerequisite for the evolution of human speech but is rare among mammals. Elephants have exhibited this ability in captivity, yet its function in wild elephants remains unknown. Female African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) live in large societies with nested tiers of association in which vocal signatures of group identity could facilitate recognition of distant social affiliates. Vocal production learning allows the formation of such group signatures in many species and can also cause vocal differentiation between populations. However, the existence of vocal signatures of social group or population in elephants was unexplored. We recorded multiple social groups of wild elephants in two Kenyan populations (Samburu and Amboseli) and used random forest models to determine if calls could be assigned to individual callers, family groups, bond groups (collections of family groups), or populations based on acoustic structure. Calls were assigned by a random forest model to individual callers and populations with better-than-chance accuracy, demonstrating population-level divergence in vocalization structure. While random forest models failed to accurately assign calls to family or bond group, calls from the same family or bond group were significantly more similar (higher proximity scores) than calls from different groups, suggesting the existence of group signatures as well. We discuss possible drivers of this differentiation and argue that vocal learning is the most likely explanation for population- and group-level variation in elephants. The existence of group signatures suggests recognition of large numbers of individuals as a possible adaptive function for vocal production learning in elephants.

Fig. 7 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 7. Box plot of the morphometric traits that differed statistically (Mann-Whitney, p <0.0039) between allopatric (Allo) and sympatric (Sym) populations of A – Tettigettalna argentata and B – Tettigettalna mariae. All measurements are in millimetres. See Table 2 for description of the morphometric traits.

Fig. 6 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 6. Scatter plot of the 69 Tettigettalna argentata and Tettigettalna mariae occurring allopatrically (Allo) and sympatrically (Sym) in the first two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of 13 acoustic variables. See ST3 for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.

Fig. 4 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 4. Scatter plot of the 176 specimens of Tettigettalna in the two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of 22 morphometric traits. See ST2 for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.

Fig. 2 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 2. The traits of external morphology of specimens of Tettigettalna measured. A – dorsal view; B – ventral view of the head; C – anterior femur; D – operculum; E – tymbal; F – anterior wing; G – posterior wing. (See Table 2 for detailed description).

Fig. 8 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 8. Scatter plot of the 50 Tettigettalna argentata and Tettigettalna mariae occurring allopatrically (Allo) and sympatrically (Sym) in the first two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of measurements of 22 morphometric traits. See ST4 for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

"I was the class teacher at that time. It was a class trip, usually organized near the end of the schoolterm in summer. The pupils went there by bike to have a barbecue at the sandy banks of the river Rhine near Dusseldorf. The landscape around is mostly dominated by agriculture and glasshouse cultures. You find a mixture of former villages nowadays completely suburbanized. The population finds jobs in the nearby urban centers like Dusseldorf, Neuss and other big cities. The reason why Irecorded the scene is simply because Iam interested in collecting sounds in general by doing recordings in different surroundings like nature, cities and everything between. My memories about the event are that it was a relaxing and funny atmosphere, which is not always the case while teaching in a classroom" [Reinhard/reinsamba]15 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice

"I was the class teacher at that time. It was a class trip, usually organized near the end of the schoolterm in summer. The pupils went there by bike to have a barbecue at the sandy banks of the river Rhine near Dusseldorf. The landscape around is mostly dominated by agriculture and glasshouse cultures. You find a mixture of former villages nowadays completely suburbanized. The population finds jobs in the nearby urban centers like Dusseldorf, Neuss and other big cities. The reason why Irecorded the scene is simply because Iam interested in collecting sounds in general by doing recordings in different surroundings like nature, cities and everything between. My memories about the event are that it was a relaxing and funny atmosphere, which is not always the case while teaching in a classroom" [Reinhard/reinsamba]15

Fig. 5 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 5. Box plot of the acoustic variables that differed statistically (Mann-Whitney, p <0.0039) between allopatric (Allo) and sympatric (Sym) populations of A – Tettigettalna argentata and B – Tettigettalna mariae. Time is in seconds and frequency in kHz.

Fig. 3 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 3. Scatter plot of the 193 specimens of Tettigettalna in the first two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of 13 acoustic variables. See ST1 in Supplementary Tables for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.

Fig. 1. A in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 1. A – Map of the south-western part of the Iberian Peninsula showing the locations of the allopatric and sympatric populations of the four species of Tettigettalna sampled. B – More detailed map of the area marked by the rectangle in A. Letters: allopatric populations of: a – T. argentata; e – T. estrellae; j – T. josei and m – T. mariae. Symbols: Sympatric populations of: circle – T. argentata and T. estrellae; square – T. argentata and T. josei; triangle: T. argentata and T. mariae and cross: T. argentata, T. mariae and T. josei. Map produced by the program DIVA_GIS (LizardTechSeattle, USA) using the spatial data provided by this program.