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Figure 3 in The Origin and Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle: Misdirection, Clarification, Theory, and Progress

Figure 3. The yellow tail of a young Pigmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) from Florida. Note the scrapes and missing scales on the ventral side. The photographer told us, "Based on the damaged scales, looks like the tail got some use as a caudal lure." See paper by Sisk and Jackson (1997). Rabatsky (2008) provides a review. Photo by Ed Cassano.

Figure 1 in The Origin and Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle: Misdirection, Clarification, Theory, and Progress

Figure 1. The Spider-tailed Viper (Pseudocerastes urarachnoides) from western Iran (in situ). Note the elaborate tail (caudal lure) from which it derives its names (Bostanchi et al., 2006; Fathinia et al., 2015). To watch this species lure birds, go to https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=VvNrOVf17Es. Photo by Frank Deschandol.

Figure 2 in The Origin and Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle: Misdirection, Clarification, Theory, and Progress

Figure 2. As neonates and juveniles, some species of rattlesnakes possess a tail (caudal lure) closely resembling insect larvae or "grubs" (see references in Schuett et al., 1984; Reiserer, 2002; Rabatsky, 2008; Reiserer and Schuett, 2008; Clark et al., 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2Nf8uMOZ2c). a) A young Western Massasauga (Sistrurus tergeminus). b) Note the resemblance of the tail to the insect larva. c) A newborn Sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes). d) Note the resemblance of the tail to the insect larva. Photo of Sidewinder by Ed Cassano.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

High thermal quality rookeries facilitate high thermoregulatory accuracy in pregnant female rattlesnakes

<p>Data for study of thermal ecology in <em>Crotalus viridis</em> in Colorado, U.S.A.</p>

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Data from: Sexual differences in head form and diet in a population of Mexican Lance-headed Rattlesnakes, Crotalus polystictus

Sexual dimorphism of phenotypic traits associated with resource use is common in animals, and may result from niche divergence between sexes. Snakes have become widely used in studies of the ecological basis of sexual dimorphism because they are gape-limited predators and their head morphology is likely to be a direct indicator of the size and shape of prey consumed. We examined sexual dimorphism of body size and head morphology, and sexual differences in diet in a population of Mexican lance-headed rattlesnakes, Crotalus polystictus, from the State of México, Mexico. Maximum snout–vent length of males was greater than that of females by 21%. Males had relatively larger heads, and differed from females in head shape after removing effects of head size. In addition, male rattlesnakes showed positive allometry in head shape: head width was amplified while snout length was truncated with increased head size. In contrast, our data did not provide clear evidence of allometry in head shape of females. Adults of both males and females ate predominately mice and voles; however, males also consumed a greater proportion of larger mammalian species, and fewer small prey species. The differences in diet correspond with dimorphism in head morphology, and provide evidence of intersexual niche divergence in our study population. However, because the sexes overlapped greatly in diet, we hypothesize that diet and head dimorphisms in C. polystictus are likely related to different selection pressures in each sex arising from preexisting body size differences rather than from character displacement for reducing intersexual competition.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy at the nexus of population divergence and speciation in insular speckled rattlesnakes

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogram constructed from three concatenated mitochondrial gene fragments (ATP, cyt-b and 16S). Nodal support values are posterior probabilities from a partitioned Bayesian analysis. Populations or species discussed in the text are indicated with vertical bars.

Figure 5 in Integrative taxonomy at the nexus of population divergence and speciation in insular speckled rattlesnakes

Figure 5. Type localities and specimens photographed in situ for new species described herein. Piojo Island in foreground with Angel de la Guarda Island in the distance (upper left); western slope of Cabeza de Caballo Island in foreground with Ventana Island and peninsular mainland in the distance (upper right); paratype of C. thalassoporus (UTA R-59767) basking on a rock outcrop in the intertidal zone (lower left); holotype of C. polisi (MZFC-6248) coiled among boulders near the crest of the island (lower right).

Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy at the nexus of population divergence and speciation in insular speckled rattlesnakes

Figure 1. Distribution of species of the speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii) species complex in western North America. Symbols represent sampling locations and indicate species and populations recognised in this publication.

Figure 4 in Integrative taxonomy at the nexus of population divergence and speciation in insular speckled rattlesnakes

Figure 4. Scatterplots of first three axes from linear discriminant analyses of phenotypic data (a), principal component axes of microsatellite alleles (b), principal component axes of concatenated mitochondrial sequences (c), and principal component axes of concatenated nSNP data (d). Colour scheme: Crotalus angelensis = pink, C. mitchellii = red, C. polisi = gold, C. pyrrhus mainland = blue, C. pyrrhus El Muerto Island = black, C. pyrrhus Smith Island = brown, C. thalassoporus = purple.

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogram constructed from 6755 in Integrative taxonomy at the nexus of population divergence and speciation in insular speckled rattlesnakes

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogram constructed from 6755 nSNPs (left), with nodal support derived from summarising results of 100 bootstrap pseudoreplicates, and posterior assignment of each individual to clusters using STRUCTURE (right), based on 29,624 biallelic nSNPs. Colours correspond to populations or species discussed in the text.

Figure 2 in Habitat use by the South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in south-eastern Brazil

Figure 2. Mean¡SD of body-surface temperature (°C) of Crotalus durissus in different microhabitats. Dots represent averages (°C) and bars, SD. Data obtained for captures and relocations of rattlesnakes at the Itirapina Ecological Station, State of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil.

Figure 5 in Habitat use by the South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in south-eastern Brazil

Figure 5. Capture rates of rattlesnakes (rattlesnakes/km) during the dry (black columns) and rainy seasons (white columns) obtained from searchers by car in roads and firebreaks at the Itirapina Ecological Station, State of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil.

Figure 3 in Habitat use by the South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in south-eastern Brazil

Figure 3. Observed (black columns) and expected (white columns) numbers of rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) in the different microhabitats at the Itirapina Ecological Station, State of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil.

Figure 1 in Habitat use by the South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in south-eastern Brazil

Figure 1. Average substrate temperature (°C) in the microhabitats used by Crotalus durissus (black columns) and available microhabitats (white columns); and mean¡SD of body-surface temperature (°C). Data obtained from radio-tracked rattlesnakes at the Itirapina Ecological Station, State of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil.

FIG. 3 in Lifetime Reproduction in a Northern Metapopulation of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)

FIG. 3.—Age at first reproduction for female Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) at two focal dens in northeastern New York, USA. Den F (n ¼ 28), Den B (n ¼ 44).

FIG. 1 in Lifetime Reproduction in a Northern Metapopulation of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)

FIG. 1.—Map of den sites for a metapopulation of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) in northeastern New York, USA. Data from two dens (F, B) were the basis for reporting comparative reproductive variables.

FIG. 8 in Lifetime Reproduction in a Northern Metapopulation of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)

FIG. 8.—Lifetime reproductive efforts of female Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) at two focal dens based on 432 gravid records in 253 individuals sampled in northeastern New York, USA.

FIG. 4 in Lifetime Reproduction in a Northern Metapopulation of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)

FIG. 4.—Age at first reproduction for female Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) in proportion to the total number of known-aged females (n ¼ 127) for all dens sampled in northeastern New York, USA.

FIG. 10 in Lifetime Reproduction in a Northern Metapopulation of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)

FIG. 10.—Body mass (g) as a function of total length (cm) in gravid female Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) sampled from two focal dens in northeastern New York, USA. Lines are based on least-squares regressions: filled circles and upper line depicts Den B females (n ¼ 39, r2 ¼ 0.74; Y ¼ 20.9 X 1244); open circles and lower line depicts Den F females (n ¼ 48, r2 ¼ 0.60; Y ¼ 18.0 X 1035).

FIG. 12 in Lifetime Reproduction in a Northern Metapopulation of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)

FIG. 12.—Change in body mass of gravid female Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) (n ¼ 69) from two focal dens as a function of interval between capture of the same individual (d; upper panel) and mass at initial capture (g; lower panel). In both graphs, filled circles indicate individuals from Den B, whereas open circles indicate individuals from Den F.