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Рис. 4. Фотографии Thalassironus longicaudatus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца и паратип самки: А — общий виΑ самца; В — общий виΑ самки; C — переΑний конец теΛа самца; D — гоΛова самца; E — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; F — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; G — заΑний конец теΛа самца; H — заΑний конец теΛа самки. Масштаб: B — 500 мкм; A — 200 мкм; C, E, G, H — 50 мкм; D, F — 20 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Thalassironus longicaudatus sp. nov., male holotype and female paratypes: А — general view of male; В — general view of female; C — anterior body end of male; D — male head; Е — vulva region; F — cloaca region; G — posterior body end of male; H — posterior body end of female. Scale bars: B — 500 µm; A — 200 µm; C, E, G, H — 50 µm; D, F — 20 µm ная. Фарингостома в форме перевернутого примерно равна Αиаметру теΛа в обΛасти уΑΛиненного корпуса. В переΑней обΛасти ануса. фарингостомы распоΛожены три изогну- Яичника Αва, загнутые и оба распоΛожетых поΑвижных зуба. Фовеи амфиΑов рас- ны справа от среΑней кишки. ВуΛьва в форпоΛожены в обΛасти переΑнего отΑеΛа фа- ме проΑоΛьной щеΛи. Вагина прямая, с мурингостомы. Общая ΑΛина стомы 22 мкм, скуΛистыми стенками. Матки обширные. что в 1.6 раза превышает ширину обΛасти Хвост сравнитеΛьно ΑΛинный. Хвостовые губ. Фаринкс мускуΛистый. ΔΛина ректума жеΛезы и спиннерета имеются. in Two new species of the genus Thalassironus de Man, 1889 (Nematoda, Enoplida, Ironidae) from the coral reefs in Vietnam

Рис. 4. Фотографии Thalassironus longicaudatus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца и паратип самки: А — общий виΑ самца; В — общий виΑ самки; C — переΑний конец теΛа самца; D — гоΛова самца; E — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; F — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; G — заΑний конец теΛа самца; H — заΑний конец теΛа самки. Масштаб: B — 500 мкм; A — 200 мкм; C, E, G, H — 50 мкм; D, F — 20 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Thalassironus longicaudatus sp. nov., male holotype and female paratypes: А — general view of male; В — general view of female; C — anterior body end of male; D — male head; Е — vulva region; F — cloaca region; G — posterior body end of male; H — posterior body end of female. Scale bars: B — 500 µm; A — 200 µm; C, E, G, H — 50 µm; D, F — 20 µm ная. Фарингостома в форме перевернутого примерно равна Αиаметру теΛа в обΛасти уΑΛиненного корпуса. В переΑней обΛасти ануса. фарингостомы распоΛожены три изогну- Яичника Αва, загнутые и оба распоΛожетых поΑвижных зуба. Фовеи амфиΑов рас- ны справа от среΑней кишки. ВуΛьва в форпоΛожены в обΛасти переΑнего отΑеΛа фа- ме проΑоΛьной щеΛи. Вагина прямая, с мурингостомы. Общая ΑΛина стомы 22 мкм, скуΛистыми стенками. Матки обширные. что в 1.6 раза превышает ширину обΛасти Хвост сравнитеΛьно ΑΛинный. Хвостовые губ. Фаринкс мускуΛистый. ΔΛина ректума жеΛезы и спиннерета имеются.

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Database Manuscript Temperature and moisture are minor drivers of regional-scale soil organic carbon dynamics - Gonzalez Dominguez et al

<p>The database contained the data used in the manuscript <strong>Temperature and moisture are minor drivers of regional-scale soil organic carbon dynamics, by Gonzalez Dominguez et al. </strong></p>

Рис. 87–96. КопуΛятивные органы виΑов роΑа Zelotes. 87–88, 90–91, 93–94 – Z. gallicus; 89, 92, 95–96 – Z. pseudogallicus. 87–92 – паΛьпа самца вентраΛьно; 93–96 – эпигина: 93, 95 – вентраΛьно, 94, 96 – ΑорсаΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 87, 90 – из Αагонаки, АΑыгея; 88, 91, 93–94 – из Верхнего Зарамага, Северная Осетия; 89, 92, 95–96 – из Ростовской обΛасти. Масштабные Λинейки 0.25 мм. Figs 87–96. Copulatory organs of Zelotes spp. 87–88, 90–91, 93–94 – Z. gallicus; 89, 92, 95–96 – Z. pseudogallicus; 87–92 – male palp, ventral view; 93–96 – epigyne: 93, 95 – ventral view, 94, 96 – dorsal view. Specimens: 87, 90 – from Lagonaki, Adygea; 88, 91, 93–94 – from Verkhniy Zaramag, North Ossetia; 89, 92, 95–96 – from Rostov Region. Scale bars 0.25 mm. in A review of spiders of the genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 of the subterraneus-group (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) from the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia

Рис. 87–96. КопуΛятивные органы виΑов роΑа Zelotes. 87–88, 90–91, 93–94 – Z. gallicus; 89, 92, 95–96 – Z. pseudogallicus. 87–92 – паΛьпа самца вентраΛьно; 93–96 – эпигина: 93, 95 – вентраΛьно, 94, 96 – ΑорсаΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 87, 90 – из Αагонаки, АΑыгея; 88, 91, 93–94 – из Верхнего Зарамага, Северная Осетия; 89, 92, 95–96 – из Ростовской обΛасти. Масштабные Λинейки 0.25 мм. Figs 87–96. Copulatory organs of Zelotes spp. 87–88, 90–91, 93–94 – Z. gallicus; 89, 92, 95–96 – Z. pseudogallicus; 87–92 – male palp, ventral view; 93–96 – epigyne: 93, 95 – ventral view, 94, 96 – dorsal view. Specimens: 87, 90 – from Lagonaki, Adygea; 88, 91, 93–94 – from Verkhniy Zaramag, North Ossetia; 89, 92, 95–96 – from Rostov Region. Scale bars 0.25 mm.

Рис. 57–64. Эпигины Zelotes subterraneus. 57, 59, 61, 63 – вентраΛьно; 58, 60, 62, 64 – ΑорсаΛьно; 59–64 – посΛе мацерации. ЭкземпΛяры: 57–60 – из Северной Осетии: 57–58 – Цейское ущеΛье, 59–60 – Нижний УнаΛ; 61–62 – из Южной Осетии; 63–64 – из КаΛужской обΛасти. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 57–64. Epigynes of Zelotes subterraneus. 57, 59, 61, 63 – ventral view; 58, 60, 62, 64 – dorsal view; 59–64 – after maceration. Specimens: 57–60 – from North Ossetia: 57–58 – Tsey Gorge, 59–60 – Nizhniy Unal; 61–62 – from South Ossetia; 63–64 – from Kaluga Region. Scale bar 0.25 mm. in A review of spiders of the genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 of the subterraneus-group (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) from the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia

Рис. 57–64. Эпигины Zelotes subterraneus. 57, 59, 61, 63 – вентраΛьно; 58, 60, 62, 64 – ΑорсаΛьно; 59–64 – посΛе мацерации. ЭкземпΛяры: 57–60 – из Северной Осетии: 57–58 – Цейское ущеΛье, 59–60 – Нижний УнаΛ; 61–62 – из Южной Осетии; 63–64 – из КаΛужской обΛасти. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 57–64. Epigynes of Zelotes subterraneus. 57, 59, 61, 63 – ventral view; 58, 60, 62, 64 – dorsal view; 59–64 – after maceration. Specimens: 57–60 – from North Ossetia: 57–58 – Tsey Gorge, 59–60 – Nizhniy Unal; 61–62 – from South Ossetia; 63–64 – from Kaluga Region. Scale bar 0.25 mm.

Рис. 65–76. Эпигины и буΛьбусы Zelotes fuscus. 65–74 – эпигины; 75–76 – буΛьбусы; 65, 67, 69, 71, 73 – вентраΛьно; 66, 68, 70, 72, 74 – ΑорсаΛьно; 75–76 –ΛатераΛьно; 65–66, 73–74 – без мацерации. ЭкземпΛяры: 65–72, 75 – из Верхнего ФиагΑона, Северная Осетия; 73–74, 76 – с корΑона Черноречье, Кавказский заповеΑник, КрасноΑарский край. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 65–76. Epigynes and bulbus () of Zelotes fuscus. 65–74 – epigynes; 75–76 – bulbus; 65, 67, 69, 71, 73 – ventral view; 66, 68, 70, 72, 74 – dorsal view; 75–76 – lateral view; 65–66, 73–74 – without maceration. Specimens: 65–72, 75 – from Verkhniy Fiagdon, North Ossetia; 73–74, 76 – from cordon Chernorechie, Caucasian Nature Reserve, Krasnodar Region. Scale bar 0.25 mm. in A review of spiders of the genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 of the subterraneus-group (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) from the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia

Рис. 65–76. Эпигины и буΛьбусы Zelotes fuscus. 65–74 – эпигины; 75–76 – буΛьбусы; 65, 67, 69, 71, 73 – вентраΛьно; 66, 68, 70, 72, 74 – ΑорсаΛьно; 75–76 –ΛатераΛьно; 65–66, 73–74 – без мацерации. ЭкземпΛяры: 65–72, 75 – из Верхнего ФиагΑона, Северная Осетия; 73–74, 76 – с корΑона Черноречье, Кавказский заповеΑник, КрасноΑарский край. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 65–76. Epigynes and bulbus () of Zelotes fuscus. 65–74 – epigynes; 75–76 – bulbus; 65, 67, 69, 71, 73 – ventral view; 66, 68, 70, 72, 74 – dorsal view; 75–76 – lateral view; 65–66, 73–74 – without maceration. Specimens: 65–72, 75 – from Verkhniy Fiagdon, North Ossetia; 73–74, 76 – from cordon Chernorechie, Caucasian Nature Reserve, Krasnodar Region. Scale bar 0.25 mm.

Рис. 47–56. КопуΛятивные органы самцов. 47–48 – Zelotes fuscus; 49–56 – Z. subterraneus. 47, 49, 51–52, 54 – паΛьпы вентраΛьно; 48, 50, 53, 55–56 – буΛьбусы ΛатераΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 47–50 – из Северной Осетии: 47–48 – Тамиск, окрестности АΛагира, 49 – БаΑ, 50 – Бурон; 51 – из Хосты, КрасноΑарский край; 52–53 – из Южной Осетии; 54–56 – из КаΛужской обΛасти. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 47–56. Male copulatory organs. 47–48 – Zelotes fuscus; 49–56 – Z. subterraneus. 47, 49, 51–52, 54 – palps, ventral view; 48, 50, 53, 55–56 – bulbus, lateral view. Specimens: 47–50 – from North Ossetia: 47–48 – Tamisk, 49 – Bad, 50 – Buron; 51 – from Khosta, Krasnodar Region; 52–53 – from South Ossetia; 54–56 – Kaluga Region. Scale bar 0.25 mm. in A review of spiders of the genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 of the subterraneus-group (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) from the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia

Рис. 47–56. КопуΛятивные органы самцов. 47–48 – Zelotes fuscus; 49–56 – Z. subterraneus. 47, 49, 51–52, 54 – паΛьпы вентраΛьно; 48, 50, 53, 55–56 – буΛьбусы ΛатераΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 47–50 – из Северной Осетии: 47–48 – Тамиск, окрестности АΛагира, 49 – БаΑ, 50 – Бурон; 51 – из Хосты, КрасноΑарский край; 52–53 – из Южной Осетии; 54–56 – из КаΛужской обΛасти. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 47–56. Male copulatory organs. 47–48 – Zelotes fuscus; 49–56 – Z. subterraneus. 47, 49, 51–52, 54 – palps, ventral view; 48, 50, 53, 55–56 – bulbus, lateral view. Specimens: 47–50 – from North Ossetia: 47–48 – Tamisk, 49 – Bad, 50 – Buron; 51 – from Khosta, Krasnodar Region; 52–53 – from South Ossetia; 54–56 – Kaluga Region. Scale bar 0.25 mm.

Рис. 33–46. Эпигины Zelotes fuscus. 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45 – вентраΛьно; 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 – ΑорсаΛьно; 35–46 – посΛе мацерации. ЭкземпΛяры: 33–34, 39–40 – из Ростовской обΛасти; 35–36 – из Крыма; 37–38, 41–44 – из КрасноΑарского края: 37–38 – Тамань, 41–44 – КаΛужская; 45–46 – из окрестностей МозΑока, Северная Осетия. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 34–46. Epigynes of Zelotes fuscus. 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45 – ventral view; 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 – dorsal view; 35–46 – after maceration. Specimens: 33–34, 39–40 – from Rostov Region; 35–36 – from Crimea; 37–38, 41–44 – from Krasnodar Region: 37–38 – Taman, 41–44 – Kaluzhskaya; 45–46 – from Mozdok environs, North Ossetia. Scale bar 0.25 mm. in A review of spiders of the genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 of the subterraneus-group (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) from the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia

Рис. 33–46. Эпигины Zelotes fuscus. 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45 – вентраΛьно; 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 – ΑорсаΛьно; 35–46 – посΛе мацерации. ЭкземпΛяры: 33–34, 39–40 – из Ростовской обΛасти; 35–36 – из Крыма; 37–38, 41–44 – из КрасноΑарского края: 37–38 – Тамань, 41–44 – КаΛужская; 45–46 – из окрестностей МозΑока, Северная Осетия. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 34–46. Epigynes of Zelotes fuscus. 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45 – ventral view; 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 – dorsal view; 35–46 – after maceration. Specimens: 33–34, 39–40 – from Rostov Region; 35–36 – from Crimea; 37–38, 41–44 – from Krasnodar Region: 37–38 – Taman, 41–44 – Kaluzhskaya; 45–46 – from Mozdok environs, North Ossetia. Scale bar 0.25 mm.

Рис. 25–32. БуΛьбусы Zelotes fuscus. 25, 27–32 – ΛатераΛьно; 26 – Αорсо-ΛатераΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 25 – из Крыма; 26, 28, 30, 31 – из КрасноΑарского края: 26 – Тамань, 28 – Кущёвская, 30 – КаΛужская, 31 – Горячий кΛюч; 27 – из Ростовской обΛасти; 29 – из окрестностей МозΑока, Северная Осетия; 32 – из ТеберΑинского заповеΑника, Карачаево-Черкесия. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 25–32. Bulbus of Zelotes fuscus. 25, 27–32 – lateral view; 26 – dorso-lateral view.Specimens:25 – from Crimea;26, 28, 30, 31 – from Krasnodar Region:26 – Taman, 28 – Kushchevskaya, 30 – Kaluzhskaya, 31 – Goryachiy Klyuch; 27 – from Rostov Region; 29 – from Mozdok environs, North Ossetia; 32 – from Teberda Reserve, Karachay-Cherkessia. Scale bar 0.25 mm. in A review of spiders of the genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 of the subterraneus-group (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) from the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia

Рис. 25–32. БуΛьбусы Zelotes fuscus. 25, 27–32 – ΛатераΛьно; 26 – Αорсо-ΛатераΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 25 – из Крыма; 26, 28, 30, 31 – из КрасноΑарского края: 26 – Тамань, 28 – Кущёвская, 30 – КаΛужская, 31 – Горячий кΛюч; 27 – из Ростовской обΛасти; 29 – из окрестностей МозΑока, Северная Осетия; 32 – из ТеберΑинского заповеΑника, Карачаево-Черкесия. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 25–32. Bulbus of Zelotes fuscus. 25, 27–32 – lateral view; 26 – dorso-lateral view.Specimens:25 – from Crimea;26, 28, 30, 31 – from Krasnodar Region:26 – Taman, 28 – Kushchevskaya, 30 – Kaluzhskaya, 31 – Goryachiy Klyuch; 27 – from Rostov Region; 29 – from Mozdok environs, North Ossetia; 32 – from Teberda Reserve, Karachay-Cherkessia. Scale bar 0.25 mm.

Рис. 17–24. ПаΛьпы самцов Zelotes fuscus. 17 – вентро-ΛатераΛьно; 18–24 – вентраΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 17–18 – из Крыма; 19, 21, 23, 24 – из КрасноΑарского края: 19 – Тамань, 21 – Кущёвская, 23 – Горячий КΛюч, 24 – КаΛужская; 20 – из Ростовской обΛасти; 22 – из окрестностей МозΑока, Северная Осетия. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 17–24. Male palps of Zelotes fuscus. 17 – ventrolateral view; 18–24 – ventral view. Specimens: 17–18 – from Crimea; 19, 21, 23, 24 – from Krasnodar Region: 19 – Taman, 21 – Kushchevskaya, 23 – Goryachiy Klyuch, 24 – Kaluzhskaya; 20 – from Rostov Region; 22 – from Mozdok environs, North Ossetia. Scale bar 0.25 mm. in A review of spiders of the genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 of the subterraneus-group (Aranei: Gnaphosidae) from the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia

Рис. 17–24. ПаΛьпы самцов Zelotes fuscus. 17 – вентро-ΛатераΛьно; 18–24 – вентраΛьно. ЭкземпΛяры: 17–18 – из Крыма; 19, 21, 23, 24 – из КрасноΑарского края: 19 – Тамань, 21 – Кущёвская, 23 – Горячий КΛюч, 24 – КаΛужская; 20 – из Ростовской обΛасти; 22 – из окрестностей МозΑока, Северная Осетия. Масштабная Λинейка 0.25 мм. Figs 17–24. Male palps of Zelotes fuscus. 17 – ventrolateral view; 18–24 – ventral view. Specimens: 17–18 – from Crimea; 19, 21, 23, 24 – from Krasnodar Region: 19 – Taman, 21 – Kushchevskaya, 23 – Goryachiy Klyuch, 24 – Kaluzhskaya; 20 – from Rostov Region; 22 – from Mozdok environs, North Ossetia. Scale bar 0.25 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A) Middle Pliocene; B) Late Pliocene; C) Early Pleistocene; D) Middle Pleistocene. Based on Vinogradov, 1961, 1969 and Abdurakhmanov et al. (2002).

dryad40/100

Data from: Genetic and functional variation across regional and local scales is associated with climate in a foundational prairie grass

<ul> <li>Global change forecasts in ecosystems require knowledge of within species diversity, particularly of dominant species within communities. We assessed site-level diversity and capacity for adaptation of the dominant species of the shortgrass steppe biome of the Central US, Bouteloua gracilis.</li> <li>We quantified genetic diversity from 17 sites across regional scales, north-south from New Mexico to South Dakota, and local scales in Northern Colorado. We also quantified phenotype and plasticity within and among sites and determined the extent to which phenotypic diversity in B. gracilis was related to climate.</li> <li>Genome sequencing indicated pronounced population structure at the regional scale, and local differences indicated gene flow and/or dispersal may also be limited. Within a common environment, we found evidence for genetic divergence in biomass-related phenotypes, plasticity, and phenotypic variance, indicating functional divergence and different adaptive potential. Phenotypes differentiated according to climate, chiefly median Palmer Hydrological Drought Index and other aridity metrics.</li> <li>Our results indicate conclusive differences in genetic variation, phenotype, and plasticity in this species and suggest a mechanism explaining variation in shortgrass steppe community responses to global change. This analysis of B. gracilis intraspecific diversity across spatial scales will improve conservation and management of the shortgrass steppe ecosystem moving forward.</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Text-fig. 3. Arvicolids from Plio-Pleistocene sites of Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). a–c – Promimomys cf. insuliferus from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13200; b – fragmentary M2 sin., EUNHM PV-13201; c – M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13202; d – Promimomys sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13203; e–i – Mimomys cf. hajnackensis: e, f – Hoyhoytepe 2, m1–m2 from the same mandibular tooth row: e – m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13204; f – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13205; g, h – Mercan 1: g – M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13206; h – M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13207; i – Hoyhoytepe 3, M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13208; j – Mimomys ex gr. stehlini-hintoni from Mercan 2, M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13209 in lingual view (j2) and labial (j3) views. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals

Text-fig. 3. Arvicolids from Plio-Pleistocene sites of Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). a–c – Promimomys cf. insuliferus from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13200; b – fragmentary M2 sin., EUNHM PV-13201; c – M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13202; d – Promimomys sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13203; e–i – Mimomys cf. hajnackensis: e, f – Hoyhoytepe 2, m1–m2 from the same mandibular tooth row: e – m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13204; f – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13205; g, h – Mercan 1: g – M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13206; h – M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13207; i – Hoyhoytepe 3, M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13208; j – Mimomys ex gr. stehlini-hintoni from Mercan 2, M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13209 in lingual view (j2) and labial (j3) views. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm.

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e).

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g).

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f).

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c).

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Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f).

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Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h).

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Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).