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138 results for “scrub”
FIGURE 7 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 7. Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (holotype, NCBS-BH728), (A) dorsal view of body, (B) ventral view of body, (C) dorsal view of tail, and (D) ventral view of tail. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 4. Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis sp. nov. in life. (A) male, (holotype, NCBS-BH723) and (B) female, (paratype, NCBS-BH724).
FIGURE 1 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 1. Distribution of the two new species, their sisters and allied species, and the other two species of geckos that have type localities around Rishi Valley, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh; and inset, maximum likelihood phylogeny of the south India clade. Forward slashes on phylogeny indicate that a section of those branches is not shown, numbers at nodes show bootstrap support (values <60 not shown), numbers in parentheses after taxon names indicate map locality. Species not shown in the tree and corresponding locality: Cnemaspis agarwali, 7; C. graniticola, 1; C. shevaroyensis, C. thackerayi, 6; C. yelagiriensis, 5; Cyrtodactylus rishivalleyensis, 1, 3; Cyrtodactylus srilekhae, 8.
FIGURE 6 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 6. The type locality of the two new species: Cave Rock Hill, Rishi Valley School, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh; (A) view from base of the hill and (B) view from the hill.
FIGURE 5 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 5. Type series of (A) Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (from left to right, NCBS-BH724, NCBS-BH725, NCBS-BH627, NCBS-BH626,) and (B) type series of Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (from left to right, NCBS-BH729, NCBS-BH730, NCBS-BH631, NCBS-BH632, NCBS-BH633, NCBS-BH634, NCBS-BH635,). Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 2. Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (holotype, NCBS-BH723), (A) dorsal view of body, (B) ventral view of body, (C) dorsal view of tail, and (D) ventral view of tail. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 8 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 8. Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (holotype, NCBS-BH728), (A) dorsal view of head, (B) ventral view of head, (C) lateral view of head, (D) view of femoral region showing femoral pores, (E) ventral view of left manus, and (F) ventral view of left pes. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 3. Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (holotype, NCBS-BH723), (A) dorsal view of head, (B) ventral view of head, (C) lateral view of head, (D) view of cloacal region showing precloacal and femoral pores, (E) ventral view of right manus, and (F) ventral view of right pes. Scale bars 5 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 9. Details at mid-body of Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (holotype, NCBS-BH728), (A) dorsal aspect and (B) ventral aspect. Scale bars 10 mm.
Data from: Post-fire recovery in coastal sage scrub: seed rain and community trajectory
Disturbance is a primary mechanism structuring ecological communities. However, human activity has the potential to alter the frequency and intensity of natural disturbance regimes, with subsequent effects on ecosystem processes. In Southern California, human development has led to increased fire frequency close to urban areas that can form a positive feedback with invasive plant spread. Understanding how abiotic and biotic factors structure post-fire plant communities is a critical component of post-fire management and restoration. In this study we considered a variety of mechanisms affecting post-fire vegetation recovery in Riversidean sage scrub. Comparing recently burned plots to unburned plots, we found that burning significantly reduced species richness and percent cover of exotic vegetation the first two years following a 100-hectare wildfire. Seed rain was higher in burned plots, with more native forb seeds, while unburned plots had more exotic grass seeds. Moreover, there were significant correlations between seed rain composition and plant cover composition the year prior and the year after. Collectively, this case study suggests that fire can alter community composition, but there was not compelling evidence of a vegetation-type conversion. Instead, the changes in the community composition were temporary and convergence in community composition was apparent within two years post-fire.
Data from: Speciation in Western Scrub-Jays, Haldane's rule, and genetic clines in secondary contact
Background: Haldane's Rule, the tendency for the heterogametic sex to show reduced fertility in hybrid crosses, can obscure the signal of gene flow in mtDNA between species where females are heterogametic. Therefore, it is important when studying speciation and species limits in female-heterogametic species like birds to assess the signature of gene flow in the nuclear genome as well. We studied introgression of microsatellites and mtDNA across a secondary contact zone between coastal and interior lineages of Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) to test for a signature of Haldane's Rule: a narrower cline of introgression in mtDNA compared to nuclear markers. Results: Our initial phylogeographic analysis revealed that there is only one major area of contact between coastal and interior lineages and identified five genetic clusters with strong spatial structuring: Pacific Slope, Interior US, Edwards Plateau (Texas), Northern Mexico, and Southern Mexico. Consistent with predictions from Haldane's Rule, mtDNA showed a narrower cline than nuclear markers across a transect through the hybrid zone. This result is not being driven by female-biased dispersal because neutral diffusion analysis, which included estimates of sex-specific dispersal rates, also showed less diffusion of mtDNA. Lineage-specific plumage traits were associated with nuclear genetic profiles for individuals in the hybrid zone, indicating that these differences are under genetic control. Conclusions: This study adds to a growing list of studies that support predictions of Haldane's Rule using cline analysis of multiple loci of differing inheritance modes, although alternate hypotheses like selection on different mtDNA types cannot be ruled out. That Haldane's Rule appears to be operating in this system suggests a measure of reproductive isolation between the Pacific Slope and interior lineages. Based on a variety of evidence from the phenotype, ecology, and genetics, we recommend elevating three lineages to species level: A. californica (Pacific Slope); A. woodhouseii (Interior US plus Edwards Plateau plus Northern Mexico); A. sumicrasti (Southern Mexico). The distinctive Edwards Plateau population in Texas, which was monophyletic in mtDNA except for one individual, should be studied in greater detail given habitat threat.
Data from: Fire does not strongly affect genetic diversity or structure of a common treefrog in the endangered Florida scrub
Fire regimes influence natural populations of organisms in diverse ways, via direct effects on population dynamics as well as indirect effects on habitat and ecosystem processes. Although many amphibian species have evolved to persist in fire-dependent ecosystems, the effects of fire on the genetic diversity of amphibian populations remain relatively unexplored. We examined how different aspects of fire history relate to population genetic diversity and structure of an abundant anuran, Hyla femoralis, in a large, intact area of Florida scrub containing hundreds of seasonally inundated ponds. Specifically, we assessed the overall population genetic structure and examined whether variation in time since fire, fire intensity, or historical fire frequency at breeding sites explained spatial variation in genetic diversity. Based on our sampling of 17 breeding aggregations within the 2,100-ha study area, neither recent nor frequent fire reduce genetic diversity or restrict connectivity among ponds for H. femoralis. Overall, mean effective population sizes were large (average range = 68–572). We detected a positive trend between effective population size (Ne) and average intensity of the most-recent fire, with this factor explaining 42% of the variation in Ne. Our results contrast with previous studies that consistently demonstrate strong relationships between fire history and population genetic structure of scrub-associated lizard species, suggesting that H. femoralis is resilient to a wide range of fire regimes. More generally, our study contributes to understanding the roles of life-history characteristics and environmental unpredictability in shaping organisms' responses to fire.
Data from: RADseq data reveal ancient, but not pervasive, introgression between Californian tree and scrub oak species (Quercus sect. Quercus: Fagaceae)
A long-term debate in evolutionary biology is the extent to which reproductive isolation is a necessary element of speciation. Hybridizing plants in general are cited as evidence against this notion and oaks specifically have been used as the classic example of species maintenance without reproductive isolation. Here, we use thousands of SNPs generated by RAD sequencing to describe the phylogeny of a set of sympatric white oak species in California and then test whether these species exhibit pervasive interspecific gene exchange. Using RAD sequencing, we first constructed a phylogeny of ten oak species found in California. Our phylogeny revealed that seven scrub oak taxa occur within one clade that diverged from a common ancestor with Q. lobata, that they comprise two subclades, and they are not monophyletic but include the widespread tree oak Q. douglasii. Next, we searched for genomic patterns of allele sharing consistent with gene flow between long-divergent tree oaks with scrub oaks. Specifically, we utilized the D-statistic as well as model-based inference to compare the signature of shared alleles between two focal tree species (Q. lobata and Q. engelmannii) with multiple scrub species within the two subclades. We found that introgression is not equally pervasive between sympatric tree and scrub oak species. Instead, gene flow commonly occurs from scrub oaks to recently sympatric Q. engelmannii, but less so from scrub oaks to long-sympatric Q. lobata. This case study illustrates the influence of ancient introgression and impact of reproductive isolating mechanisms in preventing indiscriminant interspecific gene exchange.
Distribution. Grasslands and scrub forest of C South America, from NE Brazil through the Chaco of Paraguay into Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, W to Bolivia and Peru border, and S into Uruguay and Argentina to the 30° S parallel. in Canidae
Distribution. Grasslands and scrub forest of C South America, from NE Brazil through the Chaco of Paraguay into Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, W to Bolivia and Peru border, and S into Uruguay and Argentina to the 30° S parallel.
FIGURE. Graminoid vegetation with Festuca elegans in a matrix of spring-flowering Erinacea anthyllis subsp. anthyllis cushion scrub in the upper summits of the Rondeño sector. At the bottom, the peak La Torrecilla (1,918 m). (Photo authors). in Vascular flora of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings (Andalusia, Spain)
FIGURE. Graminoid vegetation with Festuca elegans in a matrix of spring-flowering Erinacea anthyllis subsp. anthyllis cushion scrub in the upper summits of the Rondeño sector. At the bottom, the peak La Torrecilla (1,918 m). (Photo authors).
Mapping scrub vegetation cover from photogrammetric point-clouds
<p>This dataset is derived from photogrammetric point cloud models of UAV imagery. It includes the Above ground models of vegetation as well as the isolated scrub vegetation.</p> <p>We illustrate the method with two case studies from the UK. The scrub cover at Daneway Banks, a calcareous grassland site in Gloucestershire was calculated at 21.8% of the site. The scrub cover at Flat Holm Island, a maritime grassland in the Severn Estuary was calculated at 7%. This approach enabled the scrub layer to be readily measured and if required, modelled to provide a visual guide of what a projected management objective would look like. This approach provides a new tool in reserve management, enabling habitat management strategies to be informed, and progress towards objectives monitored.</p>
Combining species delimitation, species trees, and tests for gene flow illuminates complex speciation in scrub-jays
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Complex speciation, involving rapid divergence and multiple bouts of post-divergence gene flow, can obfuscate phylogenetic relationships and species limits. In North America, cases of complex speciation are common, due at least in part to the cyclical Pleistocene glacial history of the continent. Scrub-jays in the genus <em>Aphelocoma</em> provide a useful case study in complex speciation because their range throughout North America is structured by phylogeographic barriers with multiple cases of secondary contact between divergent lineages. Here, we show that a comprehensive approach to genomic reconstruction of evolutionary history, i.e., synthesizing results from species delimitation, species tree reconstruction, demographic model testing, and tests for gene flow, is capable of clarifying evolutionary history despite complex speciation. We find concordant evidence across all statistical approaches for the distinctiveness of an endemic southern Mexico lineage (<em>A. w. sumichrasti</em>), culminating in support for the species status of this lineage under any commonly applied species concept. We also find novel genomic evidence for the species status of a Texas endemic lineage <em>A. w. texana</em>, for which equivocal species delimitation results were clarified by demographic modeling and spatially explicit models of gene flow. Finally, we find that complex signatures of both ancient and modern gene flow between the non-sister California Scrub-Jay (<em>A. californica</em>) and Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay (<em>A. woodhouseii</em>), result in discordant gene trees throughout the species' genomes despite clear support for their overall isolation and species status. In sum, we find that a multi-faceted approach to genomic analysis can increase our understanding of complex speciation histories, even in well-studied groups. Given the emerging recognition that complex speciation is relatively commonplace, the comprehensive framework that we demonstrate for interrogation of species limits and evolutionary history using genomic data can provide a necessary roadmap for disentangling the impacts of gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting to better understand the systematics of other groups with similarly complex evolutionary histories.</span></p>
On following pages: 34. Burmese Hare (Lepus peguensis); 35. Ethiopian Hare (Lepus fagani); 36. Scrub Hare (Lepus Highland Hare (Lepus starcki); 40. Cape Hare (Lepus capensis); 41. Abyssinian Hare (Lepus habessinicus); 42. Tolai oiostolus); 46. Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus); 47. Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus); 48. Black Jackrabbit saxatilis); 37. African Savanna Hare (Lepus victoriae); 38. Yarkand Hare (Lepus yarkandensis); 39. Ethiopian Hare (Lepus tolai); 43. Desert Hare (Lepus tibetanus); 44. Yunnan Hare (Lepus comus); 45. Woolly Hare (Lepus (Lepus insularis). in Leporidae
On following pages: 34. Burmese Hare (Lepus peguensis); 35. Ethiopian Hare (Lepus fagani); 36. Scrub Hare (Lepus Highland Hare (Lepus starcki); 40. Cape Hare (Lepus capensis); 41. Abyssinian Hare (Lepus habessinicus); 42. Tolai oiostolus); 46. Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus); 47. Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus); 48. Black Jackrabbit saxatilis); 37. African Savanna Hare (Lepus victoriae); 38. Yarkand Hare (Lepus yarkandensis); 39. Ethiopian Hare (Lepus tolai); 43. Desert Hare (Lepus tibetanus); 44. Yunnan Hare (Lepus comus); 45. Woolly Hare (Lepus (Lepus insularis).
Distribution. Coastal NE Brazil from the S of Rio Grande do Norte State (as far W as Jucurutu, 6° 12° S, 37° 02° W,in the caatinga dry forest scrub of the Serra do Estreito), through Paraiba State to NE Pernambuco State; it is possible that it extends to the left bank of the Rio Sao Francisco in Alagoas State. in Cebidae
Distribution. Coastal NE Brazil from the S of Rio Grande do Norte State (as far W as Jucurutu, 6° 12° S, 37° 02° W,in the caatinga dry forest scrub of the Serra do Estreito), through Paraiba State to NE Pernambuco State; it is possible that it extends to the left bank of the Rio Sao Francisco in Alagoas State.
Wooden Scrubbing Brush EOA:2022.121
Wooden scrubbing brush from the wreck of the Earl Of Abergavenny. ID: EOA:2022.121 Collection: Earl of Abergavenny Classification: Crew/Military Measurements: Length 143mm Width 44mm Height 10mm Date made: as yet unknown Display: not on display Manufacturer/Creator: as yet unknown Credit: Portland Museum Trust A scrubbing brush with no bristles surviving, this was probably used by the crew as part of their daily ship cleaning duties or by soldiers as part of their kit. For more information about the Diving into the Digital Archives of the Earl of Abergavenny project click [here](https://portlandmuseum.co.uk/earl-of-abergavenny/) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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