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Figure 7 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 7. Relationships between Ca-normalized concentration of zinc in shells and principal component 1, (A), copper in shells and principal component 1 (B), revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana: (1) Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island, (2) Lebedinoe Lake, Iturup Island, (3) Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island, (4) Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (5) Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai, (6) Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Figure 10 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 10. Relationships between values of Kd Shell/Water Al (A), Kd Shell/Water P (B), Kd Shell/Water Fe (C) and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.

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Figure 9 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 9. Relationships between Zn: Ca – ratio in Beringiana beringiana shells and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), revealed from shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.

Fig. 9 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 9. Scatter plot of resilifer number over ligament length in Isognomon. The two groups that correspond to lithostratigraphy are clearly visible. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 8 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 8. Box plots of size for the three target taxa. A. Size of Arcomytilus based on log transformed geometric means of length and height. B. Size of Isognomon based on log transformed ligament length. C. Size of Eomiodon based on log transformed shell length. Arrangement of boxes corresponding more or less to their stratigraphic succession, from left to right. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 12 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 12. PCA plot of shell shape in Arcomytilus, grouped according to rib number in steps of 25 ribs and displayed as convex hulls.

Fig. 7 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 7. Scatter plots of log transformed values of height over length for the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 6 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 6. Measured distances in the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Abbreviations: H, height; L, length; LL, ligament length. Arrow indicates turning point of growth.

Fig. 5 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 5. Specimens of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon securiformis (Sharpe, 1850) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. A–C. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. A. Hinge plates of left and right valve. GML 25915. B. Interior of right valve, showing hinge arrangement and parts of the muscle scars. GML 25916. C. Left valve view of articulated specimen. GML 25917. D. Articulated, strongly elongated, gerontic specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Santa Cruz. GML 25918. E. Small articulated specimen with clearly visible commarginal lamellae. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Vestiaria. GML 25919. F. Articulated gerontic specimen with ventrally elongated shell. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salgados. GML 25920. G. Short, rounded, articulated specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. GML 25921. H. Large, high, and short specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Porto das Barcas. GML 25922.

Fig. 3 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 3. Specimens of mytilid bivalve Arcomytilus from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Portugal and France. A–F. Arcomytilus morrisii (Sharpe, 1850). A. Large articulated specimen with pointed umbones and slightly imprinted anterior part. Arranhó II member, earliest Tithonian, Serra de Alrota. GML 25900. B. Small adult specimen, left valve with fine ribbing pattern and relatively straight anterior margin. Alcobaça formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Consolação. GML 25901. C. Young adult specimen, left valve with coarse ribbing pattern and large, elevated disc. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25902. D. Small adult, articulated specimen. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salir do Porto. GML 25903. E. Large articulated specimen with extremely triangular outline and wide−spaced, strong ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Lameiro das Antas. GML 25904. F. Adult specimen, left valve with bi− and trifurcation and simultaneous insertion of ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25905. G. Arcomytilus asper. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN J 08224. H. Arcomytilus bathonicus. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN, coll. Deshayes 1876−8. I. Arcomytilus pectinatus. Right valve. "Corallien", La Rochelle, Charente−Maritime, France. MNHN, coll. d'Orbigny 4247.

Fig. 11 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 11. Lithostratigraphy plot of Arcomytilus. A. Different species and lithostratigraphically grouped Arcomytilus morrisii are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M; mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic rock suite in the Lusitanian Basin. Modified from Schneider et al. (2009). All units discussed herein are numbered in squared brackets. Formations and members that are not yet formally established are written in lower case letters. Abbreviations: A., Arisphinctes; As., Aspidoceras; Au., Aulacostephanus; C., Crussoliceras; D., Dichotomoceras; Fm., formation; M., Micracanthoceras; Mb., member; Q., Quenstedtoceras; S., Simoceras; Se., Semiformiceras.

Fig. 1 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 1. Geographic and geological overview of the Lusitanian Basin. The numbering of localities refers to Table 1, second column.

Fig. 14 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 14. Lithostratigraphy plot of Eomiodon securiformis. A. Lithostratigraphically arranged groups are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M, mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 16 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 16. Left valve of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon sp. from Early Tithonian, Arranhó II member, Santa Cruz (GML 25929) in internal (A) and external (B) views.

Fig. 7 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 7. RW1/RW2 plot showing the neat separation of Krithe compressa from Krithe iniqua specimens. Deformation grids along RW1 (set at values of –0.2 and 0.2) are reported. A. Plot of RW1 against RW2 scores. B, C. Shell deformation at extreme values along RW1.

Fig. 4 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 4. Main morphological features of studied ostracods species. A. Krithe iniqua Abate, Barra, Aiello, and Bonaduce, 1993, right valve, transparence drawing from external view, sample 59, B.O.C. 2518, upper Pliocene, KI−29, sample 59. B. Krithe compressa (Seguenza, 1880), right valve, transparence drawing from external view, KC−29, sample 58, B.O.C. 2547, upper Pliocene.

Fig. 2 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 2. Krithe iniqua Abate, Barra, Aiello, and Bonaduce, 1993, right valves; transparence drawings from external view; sample 59; upper Pliocene. A. KI−01, B.O.C. 2490. B. KI−02, B.O.C. 2491. C. KI−03, B.O.C. 2492. D. KI−04, B.O.C. 2493. E. KI−05, B.O.C. 2494. F. KI−06, B.O.C. 2495. G. KI−07, B.O.C. 2496. H. KI−08, B.O.C. 2497. I. KI−09, B.O.C. 2498. J. KI−10, B.O.C. 2499. K. KI−11, B.O.C. 2500. I. KI−12, B.O.C. 2501. L. KI−13, B.O.C. 2502. M. KI−14, B.O.C. 2503. N. KI−15, B.O.C. 2504. O. KI−16, B.O.C. 2505. P. KI−17, B.O.C. 2506. Q. KI−18, B.O.C. 2507. R. KI−19, B.O.C. 2508. S. KI−20, B.O.C. 2509. T. KI−21, B.O.C. 2510. U. KI−22, B.O.C. 2511. V. KI−23, B.O.C. 2512. W. KI−24, B.O.C. 2513. Y. KI−25, B.O.C. 2514. Z. KI−26, B.O.C. 2515. AA. KI−27, B.O.C. 2516. BB. KI−28, B.O.C. 2517.

Fig. 9 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 9. Continuous shape variation in Krithe compressa valves drawn along RW 2. Deformation grids relate to specimen of the three different samples belonging to Krithe compressa from the highest (A) to the lowest (C) RW 2 scores (see Fig. 7). Deformation grid in B refers to undeformed shape. From the above, a valve from sample 58 (specimen KC 25), a specimen from sample 51 (KC 16), and a specimen from sample 50 (KC 1).

Fig. 5 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 5. The logarithm of number of pairs C of points with mutual distance smaller than R (̊m), as a function of log(R). Vertical dashed lines are the limits inside which the linear slope of log(C) on log(R) provides the best fitting to the data.