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278 results for “sibling species”
Data from: Hybridization, natural selection and evolution of reproductive isolation: a 25-years survey of an artificial sympatric area between two mosquito sibling species of the Aedes mariae complex
Natural selection can act against maladaptive hybridization between co-occurring divergent populations leading to evolution of reproductive isolation among them. A critical unanswered question about this process that provides a basis for the theory of speciation by reinforcement, is whether natural selection can cause hybridization rates to evolve to zero. Here we investigated this issue in two sibling mosquitoes species, Aedes mariae and Ae. zammitii, that show post-mating reproductive isolation (F1 males sterile) and partial pre-mating isolation (different height of mating swarms) that could be reinforced by natural selection against hybridization. In 1986, we created an artificial sympatric area between the two species and sampled about 20,000 individuals over the following 25 years. Between 1986 to 2011, the composition of mating swarms and the hybridization rate between the two species were investigated across time in the sympatric area. Our results showed that Ae. mariae and Ae. zammitii have not completed reproductive isolation since their first contact in the artificial sympatric area. We have discussed the relative role of factors such as time of contact, gene flow, strength of natural selection, and biological mechanisms causing prezygotic isolation to explain the observed results.
Data from: Prominent intra-specific genetic divergence within Anopheles gambiae sibling species triggered by habitat discontinuities across a riverine landscape
The Anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes includes malaria vectors at different stages of speciation, whose study enables a better understanding of how adaptation to divergent environmental conditions leads to evolution of reproductive isolation. We investigated the population genetic structure of closely-related sympatric taxa that have recently been proposed as separate species (An. coluzzii and An. gambiae), sampled from diverse habitats along the Gambia River in West Africa. We characterised putatively neutral microsatellite loci as well as chromosomal inversion polymorphisms known to be associated with ecological adaptation. The results revealed strong ecologically-associated population subdivisions within both species. Microsatellite loci at chromosome-3L revealed a clear differentiation between coastal and inland populations, which in An. coluzzii is reinforced by a peculiar inversion polymorphism pattern, supporting the hypothesis of genetic divergence driven by adaptation to the coastal habitat. Striking genetic differences, compatible with a strong reduction of gene-flow, were observed between An. gambiae populations west and east of an extensively rice-cultivated region exclusively occupied by An. coluzzii. Notably, this 'intra-specific' differentiation was higher than that observed between the two species and involved also the centromeric region of chromosome-X which has previously been considered a marker of speciation within this complex, suggesting that the two populations may be at an advanced stage of reproductive isolation triggered by human-made habitat fragmentation. These results confirm ongoing ecological speciation within these most important Afro-tropical malaria vectors and raise new questions on the possible effect of this process in malaria transmission.
Data from: Devario in Bangladesh: species diversity, sibling species, and introgression within danionin cyprinids (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae)
Four species of Devario are recorded from Bangladesh: D. aequipinnatus, D. anomalus, D. coxi, new species, and D. devario. Devario aequipinnatus has a wide distribution in northern India and Bangladesh. Devario coxi, from southeastern Bangladesh near Cox's Bazar, differs from D. aequipinnatus in mtDNA (COI, p-distance 1.8%), colouration, proportional measurements, and meristics. The minor morphological differences and low frequency of overlapping meristics suggest relatively recent separation of D. coxi from other D. aequipinnatus. Devario anomalus occurs only in southeastern Bangladesh and is here reported from localities in addition to the type locality. It differs from the similar D. xyrops in adjacent Myanmar by slender body shape and by 2.3% p-distance in the COI gene. Specimens of D. anomalus from the Sangu River were found to have the mitochondrial genome of D. aequipinnatus from Bangladesh, but agree with other D. anomalus in the nuclear RAG1 gene. Devario devario has a wide distribution on the Indian Peninsula and border regions; in Bangladesh it is restricted in distribution to the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna drainages. Reports of D. assamensis and D. malabaricus from Bangladesh are misidentifications. Perilampus ostreographus M'Clelland, 1839, is tentatively synonymized with D. aequipinnatus. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 species of striped devarios based on the COI gene results in a polytomy with four unresolved clades. Devario deruptotalea from the Chindwin basin is the sister group of D. aequipinnatus+D. coxi. Devario devario is the sistergroup of D. xyrops+D. anomalus.
Data from: Multifaceted, cross-generational costs of hybridization in sibling Drosophila species
Maladaptive hybridization, as determined by the pattern and intensity of selection against hybrid individuals, is an important factor contributing to the evolution of prezygotic reproductive isolation. To identify the consequences of hybridization between Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis, we estimated multiple fitness components for F1 hybrids and backcross progeny and used these to compare the relative fitness of parental species and their hybrids across two generations. We document many sources of intrinsic (developmental) and extrinsic (ecological) selection that dramatically increase the fitness costs of hybridization beyond the well-documented F1 male sterility in this model system. Our results indicate that the cost of hybridization accrues over multiple generations and reinforcement in this system is driven by selection against hybridization above and beyond the cost of hybrid male sterility; we estimate a fitness loss of >95% relative to the parental species across two generations of hybridization. Our findings demonstrate the importance of estimating hybridization costs using multiple fitness measures from multiple generations in an ecologically relevant context; so doing can reveal intense postzygotic selection against hybridization and thus, an enhanced role for reinforcement in the evolution of populations and diversification of species.
FIGURES 10–17 in A new sibling species of Halyzia straminea (Hope) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Halyziini) from the Indian subcontinent
FIGURES 10–17. Halyzia dejavu sp. n.: 10. Postcoxal line on ventrite I; 11. Abdominal ventrites V and VI in female; 12. Abdominal ventrites V and VI in male; 13. Female, spermatheca; 14–17. Male genitalia: 14. Tegmen, ventral view; 15. Sipho; 16. Siphonal capsule; 15. Siphonal apex.
FIGURES 1–9 in A new sibling species of Halyzia straminea (Hope) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Halyziini) from the Indian subcontinent
FIGURES 1–9. Halyzia straminea: 1. Antenna; 2. Postcoxal plate; 3. Abdominal ventrites V and VI in female; 4. Abdominal ventrites V and VI in male; 5. Female spermatheca; 6–9. Male genitalia: 6. Tegmen, ventral view; 7. Apex of median lobe, dorsal view; 8. Sipho; 9. Sipho, apical portion, dorsal view.
FIGURE 2 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 2. Alignment of the 28S sequences (341 bp) of Anopheles minimus, An. harrisoni and species E of the Minimus Complex.
FIGURE 5 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 5. Alignment of the COII sequences (631 bp) of Anopheles minimus, An. harrisoni and species E of the Minimus Complex.
FIGURE 3 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 3. Alignment of the ITS2 sequences (470 bp) of Anopheles minimus, An. harrisoni and species E of the Minimus Complex.
FIGURE 1 in Formal taxonomy of species C of the Anopheles minimus sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 1. The microscope slide bearing the syntypes of Anopheles vincenti Laveran. The two specimens indicated by arrows are females of An. jeyporiensis James; the other three specimens are females of the Minimus Complex that cannot be identified as either An. minimus Theobald or species C of the complex, both of which occur at the type locality of An. vincenti. The specimen of An. jeyporiensis located at lower right is designated the lectotype of An. vincenti (type locality: Van Linh Commune, Chi Lang District, Lang Son Province, Vietnam; depository: Institut Pasteur, Paris [PIP]).
FIGURE 9. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 9. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863 from Germany, Berlin Area, Petersdorfersee Lake. A–E—parthenogenetic female: A—antennule, B—antenna, C–D—outer and inner part of thoracic limb I; E—juvenile male of instar I, inner part of thoracic limb I; F–G—juvenile male of instar II: F—antennule, G—inner part of thoracic limb I; H–I—adult male: H—antenna, I—thoracic limb I (endites not shown). Scale bar 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 6. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863. A–H in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 6. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863. A–H—specimens from Germany, Berlin Area, Petersdorfersee Lake: A–B—juvenile females of instar I–II, C—parthenogenetic female, D–E—ephippial female, F–G—juvenile males of instar I–II, H—adult male; I–K—parthenogenetic females: I—from Norway, Oslo, Lake Ostensjovand (specimen from G.O.Sars collection, slide F9012), J—from Belarus, Vitebsk Area, Miorskii district, Lake Obsterno, K - from Russia, Chita Area, Chita town, Lake Kenon. Scale bar 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 10. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 10. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863 from Germany, Berlin Area, Petersdorfersee Lake, parthenogenetic female, thoracic limbs: A—limb II (gnathobase filter plate not shown), B exopodite and soft seta of limb II, C—scrapers 6–8 of limb II, D—exopodite of limb III, E–F—inner part of limb III, G—exopodite of limb IV, H—scraping and flaming torch setae of limb IV; I–J—limb V, K –limb VI. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 5. Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1834) from Russia, Murmansk Area, Khibiny Mountains, Lake Malyi Vud'yavr, parthenogenetic female, thoracic limbs: A—limb II, B—expodite of limb III, C–D—inner part of limb III, E—exopodite of limb IV, F—inner part of limb IV; G—limb V, H –limb VI. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 4. Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1834) from Russia, Murmansk Area, Khibiny Mountains, Lake Malyi Vud'yavr. A–E—parthenogenetic female: A—antennule, B—antenna, C–D—outer and inner part of thoracic limb I, E—endites of limb II; F—juvenile male of instar I, inner part of thoracic limb I; G–H - juvenile male of instar II, G—antennule, H—inner part of thorachic limb I; I–K—adult male, I—antenna, J–K—outer and inner part of thoracic limb I. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 3. Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1834) from Russia, Murmansk Area, Khibiny Mountains, Lake Malyi Vud'yavr. A–F—parthenogenetic female: A—valve, B–C—denticles of left and right valves of same specimens, D—head (note the one of antennules appears reaching the rostrum), E—outlines of labral keel, F–G—postabdomens; H–I—postabdomens of juvenile males of instar I–II; J—postabdomen of adult male. Scale bars: 0.1 mm for A, 0.05 mm for B–C, D–E and F–G.
FIGURE 2 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 2. Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1834) from Russia, Moscow Area, Ruza District, Glubokoe Lake, A–J—parthenogenetic female: A—specimen in lateral view, B—specimen in anterodorsal view, C–D—denticles of the valves, E—posterior portion of valves in anteroventral view, F—head pores (lateral pore indicated by arrow), G—main head pores, H—postabdomen, I—antenna, J—apical setae of antenna; K–M—adult male: K—specimen in lateral view, L—specimen in anterodorsal view, M—posterior portion of postabdomen. Scale bars: 0.1 mm for A, B, L, K, 0.05 mm for E, H,I,J, 0.01 mm for F,G, 0.005 mm for C, D.
FIGURE 1 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 1. Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1834). A–H—specimens from Russia, Murmansk Area, Khibiny Mountains, Lake Malyi Vud'yavr: A–B—juvenile females of instar I–II, C—parthenogenetic female, D—ephippial female, E–F—juvenile males of instar I–II, G—adult male; H–J—parthenogenetic females: H - from Russia, Moscow Area, Ruza District, Glubokoe Lake, I-from Belarus, Vitebsk Area, Miorskii district, Lake Obsterno, J - from Russia, Irkutsk Area, Barguzinka river close to coast of Lake Baikal coast. Scale bar 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 8. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863. A–E in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 8. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863. A–E—denticles of the valves of specimens from various locations; F–K - specimens from Germany, Berlin Area, Petersdorfersee Lake: F—outlines of labral keel of female, G—female postabdomen, H–I—postabdomens of juvenile males of instar I–II; J—postabdomen of adult male, K—abnormal postabdomen of adult male (abnormal denticles indicated by arrows). Scale bars 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 7. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863 in Discrimination between two sibling species of Acroperus (Baird, 1843) from the Palearctic (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 7. Acroperus angustatus Sars, 1863 females from Sweden, Uppland, Erken Lake, parthenogenetic female: A—specimen in lateral view, B—specimen in dorsolateral view, C—head in anterolateral view, D—posterior portion of valves in anteroventral view, E—head pores (lateral pore indicated by arrow), F—main head pores, G—postabdomen, H—postanal portion of postabdomen, I—postabdominal claw. Scale bars: 0.2 mm for A, B, 0.1 mm for C, D,G, 0.02 mm for E,H; 0.01 mm for F.
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