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opennotspecifiedSep 2018View details →

Figure 11 in More than meets the eye: regional specialisation and microbial cover of the blade of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Figure 11: Neutral spores during discharge through a thick covering of mucilage from the margin of a wild blade (see Figures 2–4 for techniques).

Fig. 3 in Tracing the evolution of trophic specialisation and mode of attack behaviour in the ground spider family Gnaphosidae

Fig. 3 Relationship between the probability of using silk (rather than biting) for the immobilization of prey and the prey-to-predator body size ratio (ratio of total body size of prey to prosoma length of spider). Data were based on five species (Asemesthes ceresicola, Drassodes lapidosus, Gnaphosa lusifuga, Hemicloea sundevalli, and Pterotricha sp). The estimated logit model is shown with a 95% confidence band (grey area)

Fig. 1 in Tracing the evolution of trophic specialisation and mode of attack behaviour in the ground spider family Gnaphosidae

Fig. 1 Comparison of the relative frequencies of the capture (i.e., killing) of ants, spiders, and flies among gnaphosid and several non-gnaphosid genera (see Tables 1 and 2 for species names) observed in this study (a) and extracted from the literature (b). Numbers after bars represent

Fig. 5 in Tracing the evolution of trophic specialisation and mode of attack behaviour in the ground spider family Gnaphosidae

Fig. 5 Bayesian hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships of the study species based on the combined dataset of 6056 characters (5808 bp + 248 morphological characters). Posterior probabilities are shown above nodes; bootstrap values (> 50) are below nodes. Nongnaphosid species are displayed with their family names (in capitals).

Fig. 2 in Tracing the evolution of trophic specialisation and mode of attack behaviour in the ground spider family Gnaphosidae

Fig. 2 Comparison of the relative frequencies of the use of immobilization strategies (by silk or biting) for flies, spiders, and ants among gnaphosid and several non-gnaphosid genera (see Tables 1

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

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Data from: Where Am I? Niche constraints due to morphological specialisation in two Tanganyikan cichlid fish species

Food resource specialisation within novel environments is considered a common axis of diversification in adaptive radiations. Feeding specialisations are often coupled with striking morphological adaptations and exemplify the relation between morphology and diet (phenotype-environment correlations), as seen in, for example, Darwin finches, Hawaiian spiders and, in particular, the cichlid radiations in East Africa. The cichlids' potential to rapidly exploit and occupy a variety of different habitats has previously been attributed to the variability and adaptability of their trophic structures including the pharyngeal jaw apparatus. Here we report a reciprocal transplant experiment designed to explore the adaptability of the cichlid's trophic structures in highly specialised cichlid fish species. More specifically, we forced two common but ecologically distinct cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika, Tropheus moorii (rock-dweller) and Xenotilapia boulengeri (sand-dweller), to live on their preferred as well as on an un-preferred habitat (sand and rock, respectively). We measured their overall performance on the different habitat types and explored whether adaptive phenotypic plasticity is involved in adaptation. We found that, while habitat had no effect on the performance of X. boulengeri, T. moorii performed significantly better in its preferred habitat. Despite an experimental duration of several months we did not find a shift in the morphology of the lower pharyngeal jaw bone that would be indicative of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in this trait.

opennotspecifiedMar 2022View details →

Fig. 4. A in Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic specialised metabolites from the leaves of Glandularia × hybrida

Fig. 4. A) Key 1H–1H COSY and HMBC correlations of aglycone part of 2 and 3. B) Key 1H–1H COSY and HMBC correlations of C-3 and C-28 sugar chains of 2. C) Key 1H–1H COSY and HMBC correlations of C-3 and C-28 sugar chains of 3.

opennotspecifiedMar 2022View details →

Fig. 5. A in Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic specialised metabolites from the leaves of Glandularia × hybrida

Fig. 5. A) 3D-docked model of compound 1 within the active site of iNOS; heme was shown in dark pink co-ordinating with amino acid residue; Cys194, (shown in dark cyan). B) 3D-docked model of compound 2 within the active site of iNOS; heme was shown in dark pink co-ordinating with amino acid residue; Cys194, (shown in dark cyan). C) 3D-docked model of hydrolysate of compound 2 within the active site of iNOS; heme was shown in dark pink co-ordinating with amino acid residue; Cys194, (shown in dark cyan).

opennotspecifiedApr 2022View details →

Fig. 6 in Bioactive specialised metabolites from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. of Cudrania tricuspidata

Fig. 6. Inhibitory activity of compounds 1c and 8 against NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Cells were tread with various concentrations of compounds along with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h, and the accumulation of nitrite was evaluated by Griess reagent. Values were presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. **P <0.01, ***P <0.001. Column: relative NO level; Dot: cell viability. C: control.

opennotspecifiedOct 2022View details →

Fig. 3 in Undescribed specialised metabolites from the endophytic fungus Emericella sp. XL029 and their antimicrobial activities

Fig. 3. Key NOESY correlations of compounds 2–7. (Asterisk (*) indicates the partial structures of compounds).

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Specialised metabolites as chemotaxonomic markers of Coptosapelta diffusa, supporting its delimitation as sisterhood phylogenetic relationships with Rubioideae

Fig. 3. The current most likely phylogenetic backbone of Rubiaceae based on nuclear (a), chloroplast (b) and mitochondrial (c) data sensu Rydin et al., (2017) and Wikstrom et al., 2020

Fig. 9 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 9. Relative levels of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in 43 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 8 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 8. Sparse partial least square discriminant analysis on the 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra based on 130 volatile metabolites: (a) Score plot showing the projection of the 48 accessions Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue) on the two dimensions; (b) Selected variables representation on two dimensions on the correlation circles (0.5 and 1 correlation values). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 7. Heatmap of the 130 volatile metabolites detected in the leaves of 46 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 4. Sparse partial least square discriminant analysis on the 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra based on 936 semi-polar metabolites: (a) Score plot showing the projection of the 48 accessions from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue) on the first two dimensions; (b) Selected variables representation on two dimensions on the correlation circles (0.5 and 1 correlation values). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 5. Box plots showing the variation in relative levels of 14 annotated semi-polar metabolites in the leaves of 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra. Lower and upper box boundaries represent 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, the line inside the box is the median, lower, and upper error lines are 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. Filled circles represent outliers. Putative identities: (a) LC2540: caffeoyl-oxalosuccinate; (b) LC3607: caffeoyl-hydroxycitric acid; (c) LC3341: dihydroxy-eudesmenolide-hexoside; (d) LC2765: Icariside B8; (e) LC3830: rhamnazin-hexoside-deoxyhexoside; (f) LC3890 quercetin-3-O-rutinoside; (g) LC880: glucocapparin; (h) LC 2021: caffeoyl-citric acid; (i) LC2468: coumaroyl-glucaric acid; (j) LC2400: glucaric acid-C26H26O14 conjugate; (k) LC2749: feruloylglucaric acid; (l) LC5323: dihydroxy-eudesmanolide-hexoside.

Fig. 6 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 6. Principal component analysis score plot of relative levels of 130 volatile metabolites detected in the leaves of 46 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). The first two dimensions explaining 52.9% of the total variation are shown. 95% confidence ellipses are presented for the three regions. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 3. Heatmap of 107 significant semi-polar metabolites with high PCA loadings (>|0.7|) in 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia

Fig. 2. Principal component analysis score plot of relative levels of 936 semi-polar metabolites detected in the leaves of 48 accessions of Gynandropsis gynandra from Asia (red), East/Southern Africa (black) and West Africa (blue). The first two dimensions explaining 39.6% of the total variation are shown. 95% confidence ellipses are displayed for the three regions. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)