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Fig. 8 in New species of Scleromystax Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) - extending the meridional distribution of genera endemic to the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 8. Map of northern Rio Grande do Sul State and southern Santa Catarina State, Brazil, showing the distribution of Scleromystax reisi in the laguna dos Patos drainage (yellow symbols; star = type locality) and the distribution of S. salmacis (red symbols; triangle = first record to the rio Tramandaí drainage).

Fig. 4 in New species of Scleromystax Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) - extending the meridional distribution of genera endemic to the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 4. Infraorbital series and adjacent cranial bones, lateral view, of: Scleromystax reisi, paratype, MNRJ 43857 (largest image, left side); a. S. salmacis, MCP 28729 (right side, flipped horizontally); b. S. macropterus, UFRJ 4442 (left side); c. S. prionotos, UFRJ 4428 (right side, flipped horizontally); d. S. barbatus, UFRJ 4440 (right side, flipped horizontally). Arrowheads showing ventral expansion of infraorbital 2. Solid lines detaching ventral margin of infraorbital 2 and bone sutures. Eye removed from specimens in a-d. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Fig. 3 in New species of Scleromystax Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) - extending the meridional distribution of genera endemic to the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 3. Detail of dorsal view of cranium of Scleromystax reisi, paratype, female, MNRJ 43857 (top), and S. salmacis, male, MCP 28729 (bottom; flipped horizontally, left infraorbitals and suspensorium removed). Solid lines detaching limits of bone sutures. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Fig. 7 in New species of Scleromystax Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) - extending the meridional distribution of genera endemic to the Atlantic Forest

Fig. 7. Scleromystax reisi, paratypes. Changes in the color pattern during early stages of the ontogenesis. MCP 48177, 13.5 mm SL (top); MCP 48178, 18.8 mm SL (middle); UFRGS 19191, 19.4 mm SL (bottom).

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

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Data from: Species distribution models of the Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, Diptera: Drosophilidae) in its native and invasive range reveal an ecological niche shift

The Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is native to Southeast Asia. Since its first detection in 2008 in Europe and North America, it has been a pest to the fruit production industry as it feeds and oviposits on ripening fruit. Here we aim to model the potential geographical distribution of D. suzukii. We performed an extensive literature review to map the current records. In total, 517 documented occurrences (96 native and 421 invasive) were identified spanning 52 countries. Next, we constructed three species distribution models (SDMs) based on occurrence records in: 1) the native range (SDMnative), 2) the invasive range in Europe (SDMEurope) and 3) a global model of all records (SDMglobal). The models aimed to investigate, whether this species will be able to occupy additional ecological niches beyond its native range and expand its current geographic distribution both globally and in Europe. The SDMs were generated using Maximum Entropy algorithms (Maxent) based on present occurrence records and bioclimatic variables (WorldClim). Predictions of habitat suitability vary greatly depending on the origins of occurrence records. According to all models, precipitation and low temperatures were key limiting factors for the distribution of D. suzukii, which suggests that this species requires a humid environment with mild winters in order to establish a permanent population in its invasive range. Several regions in the invasive range, not presently occupied by this species, were predicted highly suitable, especially in northern Europe, suggesting that D. suzukii is not occupying its full fundamental niche yet. Synthesis and applications. Based on these models of potential geographic distribution of the Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii), we show a shift in the ecological niche in D. suzukii populations, emphasizing the importance of using presence and local environmental data. Further investigation regarding new occurrences is recommended to secure optimal pest management. Despite a continuing expansion, many countries still lack proper surveillance schemes, and we urge policymakers to initiate appropriate management programs.

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Data from: Complementary strengths of spatially-explicit and multi-species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) project the outcome of community assembly processes - dispersal, the abiotic environment, and biotic interactions - onto geographic space. Recent advances in SDMs account for these processes by simultaneously modeling the species that comprise a community in a multivariate statistical framework or by incorporating residual spatial autocorrelation in SDMs. However, the effects of combining both multivariate and spatially-explicit model structures on the ecological inferences and the predictive abilities of a model are largely unknown. We used data on eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensisL.) and five additional co-occurring overstory tree species in 35,569 forest stands across Michigan, USA to evaluate how the choice of model structure, including spatial and non-spatial forms of univariate and multivariate models, affects ecological inference about the processes that shape community composition as well as model predictive ability. Incorporating residual spatial autocorrelation via spatial random effects did not improve out-of-sample prediction for the six tree species, although in-sample model fit was higher in the spatial models. Spatial models attributed less variation in occurrence probability to environmental covariates than the non-spatial models for all six tree species, and estimated higher (more positive) residual co-occurrence values for most species pairs. The non-spatial multivariate model was better suited for evaluating habitat suitability and hypotheses about the processes that shape community composition. Environmental correlations and residual correlations among species pairs were positively related, perhaps indicating that residual correlations were due to shared responses to unmeasured environmental covariates. This work highlights the importance of choosing a non-spatial model formulation to address research questions about the species-environment relationship or residual co-occurrence patterns, and a spatial model formulation when within-sample prediction accuracy is the main goal.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

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Data from: Discordant patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in five grasshopper species co-distributed across a microreserve network

Conservation plans can be greatly improved when information on the evolutionary and demographic consequences of habitat fragmentation is available for several co-distributed species. Here, we study spatial patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation among five grasshopper species that are co-distributed across a network of microreserves but show remarkable differences in dispersal-related morphology (body size and wing length), degree of habitat specialization and extent of fragmentation of their respective habitats in the study region. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that species with preferences for highly fragmented microhabitats show stronger genetic and phenotypic structure than co-distributed generalist taxa inhabiting a continuous matrix of suitable habitat. We also hypothesized a higher resemblance of spatial patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability among species that have experienced a higher degree of habitat fragmentation due to their more similar responses to the parallel large-scale destruction of their natural habitats. In partial agreement with our first hypothesis, we found that genetic structure, but not phenotypic differentiation, was higher in species linked to highly fragmented habitats. We did not find support for congruent patterns of phenotypic and genetic variability among any studied species, indicating that they show idiosyncratic evolutionary trajectories and distinctive demographic responses to habitat fragmentation across a common landscape. This suggests that conservation practices in networks of protected areas require detailed ecological and evolutionary information on target species in order to focus management efforts on those taxa that are more sensitive to the effects of habitat fragmentation.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 1 – 8. Lopheucoila anastrephae. 1 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 1 – 8. Lopheucoila anastrephae. 1. Head, anterior view (183 x, 100 m); 2. Female antenna (58 x, 250 m); 3. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (170 x, 100 m); 4. Pronotal plate (160 x, 100 m); 5. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (74 x, 250 m); 6. Mesosoma, dorsal view (172 x, 100 m); 7. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 8. Metacoxa (163 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 9 – 15. Tropideucoila weldi. 9 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 9 – 15. Tropideucoila weldi. 9. Head, anterior view (228 x, 100 m); 10. Female antenna (179 x, 100 m); 11. Pronotal plate (391 x, 20 m); 12. Mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (168 x, 100 m); 13. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view (215 x, 100 m); 14. Forewing (10 x, 0,25 mm); 15. Metacoxa (261 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 40 – 47. Trybliographa infuscata. 40 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 40 – 47. Trybliographa infuscata. 40. Head, anterior view (218 x, 100 m); 41. Female antenna (109 x, 100 m); 42. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (182 x, 100 m); 43. Pronotal plate (568 x, 20 m); 44. Mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (161 x, 100 m); 45. Mesosoma, dorsal view (193 x, 100 m); 46. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 47. Metacoxa (161 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 32 39. A g anaspis pelleranoi. 32 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 32 39. A g anaspis pelleranoi. 32. Head, anterior view (170 x, 100 m); 33. Female antenna (97 x, 100 m); 34. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (130 x, 100 m); 35. Pronotal plate (288 x, 100 m); 36. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (48 x, 250 m); 37. Mesosoma, dorsal view (64 x, 250 m); 38. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 39. Metacoxa (163 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 24 – 31. Odontosema anastrephae. 24 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 24 – 31. Odontosema anastrephae. 24. Head, anterior view (201 x, 100 m); 25. Female antenna (135 x, 100 m); 26. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (145 x, 100 m); 27. Pronotal plate (130 x, 100 m); 28. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (37 x, 250 m); 29. Mesosoma, dorsal view (68 x, 250 m); 30. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 31. Metacoxa (84 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 16 – 23. Dicerataspis grenadensis. 16 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 16 – 23. Dicerataspis grenadensis. 16. Head, anterior view (140 x, 100 m); 17. Female antenna (204 x, 100 m); 18. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (280 x, 100 m); 19. Pronotal plate (366 x, 20 m); 20. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (120 x, 100 m); 21. Mesosoma, dorsal view (130 x, 100 m); 22. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 23. Metacoxa (130 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 56 – 63. Leptopilina boulardi. 56 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 56 – 63. Leptopilina boulardi. 56. Head, anterior view (407 x, 20 m); 57. Female antenna (309 x, 20 m); 58. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (267 x, 20 m); 59. Pronotal plate (790 x, 20 m); 60. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (100 x, 100 m); 61. Mesosoma, dorsal view (335 x, 20 m); 62. Forewing (10 x, 0.14 mm); 63. Metacoxa (230 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 48 – 55. Aganaspis nordlanderi. 48 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations

FIGURES 48 – 55. Aganaspis nordlanderi. 48. Head, anterior view (174 x, 100 m); 49. Female antenna (66 x, 250 m); 50. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (84 x, 100 m); 51. Pronotal plate (105 x, 100 m); 52, Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (35 x, 500 m); 53. Mesosoma, dorsal view (74 x, 250 m); 54. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 55. Metacoxa (120 x, 100 m).

FIGURES 16 – 19 in New data on the distribution of species of Gastroserica Brenske, 1897, with descriptions of five new taxa from China and Laos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericini)

FIGURES 16 – 19: Habitus, 16 Gastroserica shaanxiana sp. n. (Holotype: China, S Shaanxi, road WanyuanZhenba 30 km S Zhenba); 17 G. huaphanensis sp. n. (Holotype: Laos, Hua Phan prov., Ban Saluei, Phu Phan Mt.); 18 G. contaminata sp. n. (Holotype: Laos, Hua Phan prov., Ban Saluei, Phu Phan Mt.); 19 G. stictica sp. n. (Holotype: Laos, Hua Phan prov., Ban Saluei, Phu Phan Mt.).

FIGURE 87 in Thirteen new species and new distribution records of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson from Venezuela (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

FIGURE 87. Map of Venezuela showing distributions of H. angulata (circle), H. monda (rectangle), H. tachira (triangle down), H. disjuncta (diamond), H. linabena (cross), H. camuriensis (triangle up), and H. selanderi (star).

FIGURES 72 – 78 in Thirteen new species and new distribution records of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson from Venezuela (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

FIGURES 72 – 78. Helicopsyche circulata, new species, holotype. 72 — sternum VI process, lateral; 73 — sternum VI process, ventral; 74 — male genitalia, lateral; 75 — male genitalia, dorsal; 76 — male genitalia, ventral; 77 — phallus, lateral; 78 — phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 67 – 71 in Thirteen new species and new distribution records of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson from Venezuela (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

FIGURES 67 – 71. Helicopsyche linabena, new species, holotype. 67 — male genitalia, lateral; 68 — male genitalia, dorsal; 69 — male genitalia, ventral; 70 — phallus, lateral; 71 — phallus, ventral.

FIGURES 62 – 66 in Thirteen new species and new distribution records of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson from Venezuela (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

FIGURES 62 – 66. Helicopsyche laneblina, new species, holotype. 62 — male genitalia, lateral; 63 — male genitalia, dorsal; 64 — male genitalia, ventral; 65 — phallus, lateral; 66 — phallus, ventral.