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Fig. 10 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 10. Monthly absolute frequency distribution of juveniles and adult individuals of Etropus crossotus in the shallow infralittoral areas of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. Total amostral N = 419. *Significant values (p <0.05) for chi-square test.

Fig. 8 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 8. First maturation length for females (a) and males (b) of Etropus crossotus in the shallow infralittoral areas of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. L 50 = the shortest total length (Lt), in which 50% of the individuals sampled were adults. L 100 = the shortest total length (Lt), in which 100% of the individuals sampled were adults. Female amostral N = 171, and male amostral N = 218.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 6. Monthly percentage frequency distribution of the gonadal maturation stages of females (a) and males (b) of Etropus crossotus in the shallow infralittoral areas of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. A = immature; B = maturation; C = mature; PS = partially spawned; D = spawned/emptied. The numbers indicated above the bars refer to absolute frequency.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 1. Location of the sampling sites in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 5. Monthly variation of the mean GSI of females (a) and males (b) of Etropus crossotus in the shallow infralittoral areas of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. GSI = gonadosomatic index. The error bars correspond to the standard deviation. The numbers indicated above the error bars refer to absolute frequency.

Fig. 9 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 9. Monthly sex ratio (a) per length class (b) of Etropus crossotus in the shallow infralittoral areas of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. (a) Female amostral N = 184, and male amostral N = 237; (b) Female amostral N = 184, male amostral N = 237, and unsexed amostral N = 5. *Significant values (p <0.05) for chi-square test.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Crop heterogeneity is positively associated with beneficial insect diversity in subtropical farmlands

Increasing crop configurational heterogeneity – smaller crop fields with more field margins – has been repeatedly found to support farmland biodiversity. But research on compositional crop heterogeneity – the number and evenness of crop types – has usually shown only weak effects. However, much of this research has been conducted in large-scale temperate agroecosystems. We examined smallholder subtropical agroecosystems in southern China to assess the effects of crop heterogeneity on beneficial insect biodiversity. In addition to pollinators (bees, apoid and vespid wasps, butterflies), we studied dung beetles and dragonflies/damselflies, which are not usually considered in cropland heterogeneity studies, but are abundant in these multi-functional agroecosystems. We sampled these taxa in 468 transects placed inside 52 farms across three seasons (summer, spring, winter), collecting data on 27,245 insects belonging to 160 species. We found a strong positive effect of crop compositional heterogeneity (measured by Shannon-Wiener index) on dung beetle and dragonfly/damselfly diversity. Bees/wasps and butterflies, conversely, were positively affected by crop configurational heterogeneity (measured by cumulative field margin length). Field margin type, categorized by the structure of the dominant crop types, was consistently an important explanatory variable, with weedy margins having high insect diversity. The presence of a vegetable crop on one side of the field margin, compared to non-vegetable monocultures on both sides, increased diversity in 3/4 taxon-season comparisons made for rice, and 6/9 comparisons made for sugarcane or corn. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that crop compositional heterogeneity can support insects that respond to differences among crop types, including taxa that play a key role in nutrient cycling (dung beetles) and natural pest control (dragonflies/damselflies). Incorporating structurally diverse crops into monoculture Asian agroecosystems can reduce the adverse effects these intensive systems have on beneficial insects, and increase crucial ecosystem services.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Plant management but not fertilization mediates soil carbon emission and microbial community composition in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations

The diversity of plant functional groups in plantations affects soil carbon, but we have limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms for how plant management affects soil carbon dynamics. Here, we conducted a 3-year manipulation experiment of plant functional groups that included understory removal, tree root trenching, and fertilization treatments in 2-year-old and 6-year-old Eucalyptus plantations in the subtropical region. The results showed that soil respiration was significantly suppressed by understory removal (-38%), tree root trenching (-41%), and their interactions (-54%), but that fertilization alone and in interactions had no significant effect. The Chao1 indices for soil bacterial and fungal diversity significantly decreased with understory removal in the 2-year-old plantation and with tree root trenching in the 6-year-old plantation. Soil bacterial and fungal communities were also affected by understory removal and tree root trenching. Soil respiration, physicochemical characteristics, microbial diversity, and community composition were significantly affected by plantation age. Reductions in soil carbon emissions were associated with reductions in plant functional groups and soil microbial groups, while increases in soil respiration were associated with soil physicochemical factors, soil temperature, and plantation age. Our findings highlight that plant managements are of great significance to the soil carbon emission processes in afforested plantations.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Enemy exclusion effects on biodiversity-productivity relationship in subtropical forest experiment

This data set is described in full detail in Huang et al. (2022) Journal of Ecology XXX. In brief, we used a large tree biodiversity experiment (BEF-China), established in 2009-2010, to test whether the application of fungicide or insecticide changes observed tree species richness effects on tree growth. We used a subset of plots in which tree species numbers ranged from 1 to 8. To these plots, a factorial split-plot treatment was added in April 2014. The new treatments (I: insecticide; F: fungicide; C: untreated control) were applied to subplots located along one side of the main plots. Each subplot contained 4 × 4 = 16 trees. We further used the central 4 × 4 trees of the main plot for additional measurements (central control subplot). Insecticide and fungicide solutions (4 L per subplot) were sprayed over tree crowns every 4 weeks, but only on days with no or very little wind. During the rainy season, application intervals were halved to 2 weeks to compensate for more rapid leaching. The insecticide solution contained 10 mL dimethoate (an organophosphate) and 10 mL deltamethrin (a pyrethroid). The fungicide solution contained 8 g of mancozeb (a dithiocarbamate) and 25 mL of myclobutanil (a triazole). Control subplots were sprayed with 4 L of water.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Impact of human disturbance on the abundance of non-breeding shorebirds in a subtropical wetland

Shorebird populations have declined due to several threats throughout their annual cycle. Anthropogenic disturbance is one of the most ubiquitous threats to shorebird conservation in North America. Here, we studied the influence of human disturbance on shorebird community dynamics during migration and winter in Ensenada de La Paz, a subtropical coastal wetland in Mexico. We used negative binomial generalized linear mixed models to investigate the associations between spatial, biological, and anthropogenic variation and local shorebird abundance that accounted for shorebird body size (small, medium, and large) and foraging strategy (visual and tactile) of 21 shorebird species. After controlling for these different correlates of abundance, human disturbance (people, vehicles, and dogs) was negatively associated with shorebird abundance. During winter, all shorebird species were negatively related to human disturbance but positively associated with presence of raptors. However, small, tactile foraging birds exhibited a proportionally larger negative response to human disturbance than other shorebird types, indicative of guild-level sensitivities to human disturbance regimes. The positive association between shorebird abundance and disturbance from predators was unexpected. Shorebirds likely concentrate in large groups to reduce predation risk, resulting in higher densities of shorebirds occurring in areas with high predation risk. Understanding factors influencing the abundance and habitat use of shorebirds on their non-breeding grounds is paramount to support management and conservation policies for shorebirds and their habitats.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Changes in trait covariance along an orographic moisture gradient reveal the relative importance of light- and moisture-driven trade-offs in subtropical rainforest communities

• A range of functional trait-based approaches have been developed to investigate community assembly processes, but most ignore how traits covary within communities. • We combined existing approaches (community-weighted means [CWMs] and functional dispersion [FDis]) with a metric of trait covariance to examine assembly processes in five angiosperm assemblages along a moisture gradient in Australia's subtropics. In addition to testing hypotheses about habitat filtering along the gradient, we hypothesised that trait covariance would be strongest at both ends of the moisture gradient and weakest in the middle, reflecting trade-offs associated with light capture in productive sites and moisture stress in dry sites. • CWMs revealed evidence of climatic filtering, but FDis patterns were less clear. As hypothesised, trait covariance was weakest in the middle of the gradient, but unexpectedly peaked at the second driest site due to the emergence of a clear drought tolerance – drought avoidance spectrum. At the driest site, the same spectrum was truncated at the 'avoider' end, revealing important information about habitat filtering in this system. • Our focus on trait covariance revealed the nature and strength of trade-offs imposed by light and moisture availability, and complemented insights gained about community assembly from existing trait-based approaches.

Text-fig. 7. Stereomicroscope microphotographs of plant remains sieved out of a sediment bulk sample (C3X) from bed GLA10 of Govone. a: Tetraclinis salicornioides (UNGER) KVAČEK, shoot fragment, MGPT-PU141083). b: Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J. GREGOR, seed, MGPT-PU141084. c: Toddalia rhenana H.-J.GREGOR, seed, MGPT-PU141085. d: Eurya stigmosa (R.LUDW.) MAI, small seed with piths filled by organic remains and sediment, MGPT-PU141086. e: Eurya stigmosa (R.LUDW.) MAI, fragmentary seed, MGPT-PU141087. f: Visnea germanica MENZEL, fruit from two opposite sides, MGPT-PU141088. g: Symplocos casparyi R.LUDW., endocarp in lateral view from two opposite sides, MGPT-PU141089. Scale bar 1 mm. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 7. Stereomicroscope microphotographs of plant remains sieved out of a sediment bulk sample (C3X) from bed GLA10 of Govone. a: Tetraclinis salicornioides (UNGER) KVAČEK, shoot fragment, MGPT-PU141083). b: Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J. GREGOR, seed, MGPT-PU141084. c: Toddalia rhenana H.-J.GREGOR, seed, MGPT-PU141085. d: Eurya stigmosa (R.LUDW.) MAI, small seed with piths filled by organic remains and sediment, MGPT-PU141086. e: Eurya stigmosa (R.LUDW.) MAI, fragmentary seed, MGPT-PU141087. f: Visnea germanica MENZEL, fruit from two opposite sides, MGPT-PU141088. g: Symplocos casparyi R.LUDW., endocarp in lateral view from two opposite sides, MGPT-PU141089. Scale bar 1 mm.

Text-fig. 5. Plant fragments from Govone with evidence of preserved cuticle. a: Decussate pair of leaves of "Thuja" saviana (C.T.GAUDIN) C.T.GAUDIN with a window (arrow) opened in the brownish cuticle, showing the yellowish mesophyll cells and some possible resin canals (dark), MGPT-PU141094. b: Angiosperm leaf fragment (from sample MGPT-PU141017) under the stereomicroscope, showing the blackish compressed mesophyll on the right and patches of cleaned, yellowish cuticle at the top (arrow). Scale bar 1 mm. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 5. Plant fragments from Govone with evidence of preserved cuticle. a: Decussate pair of leaves of "Thuja" saviana (C.T.GAUDIN) C.T.GAUDIN with a window (arrow) opened in the brownish cuticle, showing the yellowish mesophyll cells and some possible resin canals (dark), MGPT-PU141094. b: Angiosperm leaf fragment (from sample MGPT-PU141017) under the stereomicroscope, showing the blackish compressed mesophyll on the right and patches of cleaned, yellowish cuticle at the top (arrow). Scale bar 1 mm.

Text-fig. 4. Laminated silts with almost complete leaves at the top of bed GLA20: Dicotylophyllum sp. 3 (left: MGPTPU141032) and Laurophyllum sp. 2 (right: MGPT-PU141082). Scale bar 10 mm. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 4. Laminated silts with almost complete leaves at the top of bed GLA20: Dicotylophyllum sp. 3 (left: MGPTPU141032) and Laurophyllum sp. 2 (right: MGPT-PU141082). Scale bar 10 mm.

Text-fig. 6. Transmitted light microphotographs of permineralized wood from Govone. a, b: cf. Cupressinoxylon sp., radial section, MGPT-PU141105, a – nodular end of ray parenchyma (arrow), b – thick and pitted horizontal walls of ray parenchyma (arrow). c–f: Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet., MGPT-PU141107, c – abnormal discoloration due to ecological disruptions (radial section), d – rays up to 10 cells high, uniseriate, partly biseriate (black arrow), intercellular spaces observed (white arrows) (tangential section), e – large, thick-walled axial resin canal with more than 9 epithelial cells observed, axial resin canal diameter>60 Μm (transverse section), f – spiral thickenings due to compression (white arrow) (radial section). in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 6. Transmitted light microphotographs of permineralized wood from Govone. a, b: cf. Cupressinoxylon sp., radial section, MGPT-PU141105, a – nodular end of ray parenchyma (arrow), b – thick and pitted horizontal walls of ray parenchyma (arrow). c–f: Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet., MGPT-PU141107, c – abnormal discoloration due to ecological disruptions (radial section), d – rays up to 10 cells high, uniseriate, partly biseriate (black arrow), intercellular spaces observed (white arrows) (tangential section), e – large, thick-walled axial resin canal with more than 9 epithelial cells observed, axial resin canal diameter>60 Μm (transverse section), f – spiral thickenings due to compression (white arrow) (radial section).

Text-fig. 3. a: Panoramic reconstruction of the portion of the Govone outcrop from intervals GLA10 to GLA20 in condition of low river level. b: Transported leaf assemblage in the bottom part of bed GLA20. c: Detail of the outcrop of the leaf-bearing bed GLA20 and the underlying wood-rich layer GLA19. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 3. a: Panoramic reconstruction of the portion of the Govone outcrop from intervals GLA10 to GLA20 in condition of low river level. b: Transported leaf assemblage in the bottom part of bed GLA20. c: Detail of the outcrop of the leaf-bearing bed GLA20 and the underlying wood-rich layer GLA19.

Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Govone section with a detail of the sampled intervals on the right. CCS – Cassano Spinola Conglomerates; Gm and Gg – sedimentary cycles, respectively marl-dominated or gypsum-dominated; MES – Messinian Erosional Surface; MSC – Messinian Salinity Crisis; PLG – Primary Lower Gypsum; RLG – Resedimented Lower Gypsum. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Govone section with a detail of the sampled intervals on the right. CCS – Cassano Spinola Conglomerates; Gm and Gg – sedimentary cycles, respectively marl-dominated or gypsum-dominated; MES – Messinian Erosional Surface; MSC – Messinian Salinity Crisis; PLG – Primary Lower Gypsum; RLG – Resedimented Lower Gypsum.

Text-fig. 1. Context and location of the Govone outcrop. a: Location of the Piedmont Basin at the northern margin of the Mediterranean Basin and distribution of Messinian evaporites. b: Simplified geological map of the Piedmont Basin showing the location of the Govone outcrop close to the town of Alba. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 1. Context and location of the Govone outcrop. a: Location of the Piedmont Basin at the northern margin of the Mediterranean Basin and distribution of Messinian evaporites. b: Simplified geological map of the Piedmont Basin showing the location of the Govone outcrop close to the town of Alba.

Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest.