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115 results for “sympatry”
Data from: Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry
Understanding the conditions that allow speciation to occur is difficult because most research has focused on either long-lived organisms or asexual microorganisms. We propagated bacteriophage λ, a virus with rapid generations and frequent recombination, on two Escherichia coli host genotypes that expressed either the LamB or OmpF receptor. When supplied with either single host (allopatry), λ improved its binding to the available receptor while losing its ability to use the alternative. When evolving on both hosts together (sympatry), the viruses split into two lineages with divergent receptor preferences. Although the level of divergence varied among replicates, some lineages evolved reproductive isolation via genetic incompatibilities. This outcome indicates that, under suitable conditions, allopatric and sympatric speciation can occur with similar ease.
Data from: Cryptic lineages in the Wolf Cardinalfish living in sympatry on remote coral atolls
Coral reef health and biodiversity is under threat worldwide due to rapid climate change. However, much of the inter- and intra-specific diversity of coral reefs are undescribed even in well studied taxa such as fish. Delimiting previously unrecognised diversity is important for understanding the processes that generate and sustain biodiversity in coral reef ecosystems and informing strategies for their conservation and management. Many taxa that inhabit geographically isolated coral reefs rely on self-recruitment for population persistence, providing the opportunity for the evolution of unique genetic lineages through divergent selection and reproductive isolation. Many such lineages in corals and fish are morphologically similar or indistinguishable. Here, we report the discovery and characterisation of cryptic lineages of the Wolf Cardinalfish, Cheilodipterus artus, from the coral atolls of northwest Australia using multiple molecular markers from mitochondrial (CO1 and D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellites) DNA. Concordant results from all markers identified two highly divergent lineages that are morphologically cryptic and reproductively isolated. These lineages co-occurred at daytime resting sites, but the relative abundance of each lineage was strongly correlated with wave exposure. It appears, therefore, that fish from each lineage are better adapted to different microhabitats. Such cryptic and ecologically based diversity appears to be common in these atolls and may well aid resilience of these systems. Our results also highlight that underwater surveys based on visual identification clearly underestimate biodiversity, and that a taxonomic revision of the Cheilodipterus genus is necessary.
Data from: Allopatric origin of cryptic butterfly species that were discovered feeding on distinct host plants in sympatry
Surveys of tropical insects are increasingly uncovering cryptic species - morphologically similar yet reproductively isolated taxa once thought to comprise a single interbreeding entity. The vast majority of such species are described from a single location. This leaves us with little information on geographic range and intraspecific variation and limits our ability to infer the forces responsible for generating such diversity. For example, in herbivorous and parasitic insects, multiple specialists are often discovered within what were thought to be single more generalized species. Host shifts are likely to have contributed to speciation in these cases. But when and where did those shifts occur, and were they facilitated by geographic isolation? We attempted to answer these questions for two cryptic species within the butterfly Cymothoe egesta that were recently discovered on different host plants in central Cameroon. We first used mtDNA markers to separate individuals collected on the two hosts within Cameroon and then extended our analysis to incorporate individuals collected across the entire pan-Afrotropical range of the original taxon. To our surprise, we found that the species are almost entirely allopatric, dividing the original range and overlapping only in the narrow zone of West-Central Africa where they were first discovered in sympatry. This finding, combined with analyses of genetic variation within each butterfly species, strongly suggests that speciation occurred in allopatry, probably during the Pleistocene. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding speciation among other cryptic species recently discovered in the tropics and argue that more work is needed on geographic patterns and host usage in such taxa.
Data from: Limits to speciation inferred from times to secondary sympatry and ages of hybridizing species along a latitudinal gradient
Range expansions are critical to renewed bouts of allopatric or parapatric speciation. Limits on range expansions—and, by implication, speciation—include dispersal ability and permeability of geographical barriers. In addition, recently diverged taxa may interfere with each other, preventing mutual expansion of each other's range into sympatry, because reproductive isolation is incomplete and/or ecological competition particularly strong. On the basis of geographical distributions and mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic information for 418 recently diverged species of New World birds, we estimate that secondary sympatry takes on the order of millions of years following population splitting and hence could impose an important limit on the rate of range expansion, thereby limiting further rounds of species formation. Average rates of achievement of sympatry have been faster in the temperate region (we estimate 1.7 million years to sympatry at 60°) than in the tropics (3.2 million years to sympatry at the equator). Evidence from the ages of species with hybrid zones implies that one factor associated with the slowed sympatry in the tropics is the rate of accumulation of reproductive isolation.
Data from: Speciation in sympatry with ongoing secondary gene flow and an olfactory trigger in a radiation of Cameroon cichlids
The process of sympatric speciation in nature remains a fundamental unsolved problem. Cameroon crater lake cichlid radiations were long regarded as one of the most compelling examples; however, recent work showed that their origins were more complex than a single colonization event followed by isolation. Here, we performed a detailed investigation of the speciation history of a radiation of Coptodon cichlids from Lake Ejagham using whole-genome sequencing data. The existence of this radiation is remarkable since this 0.5 km2 lake offers limited scope for divergence across a shallow depth gradient, disruptive selection is weak, and the species are sexually monochromatic. We infer that Lake Ejagham was colonized by riverine cichlids soon after its formation 9,000 years ago, yet speciation occurred only in the last 1,000-2,000 years. We show that secondary gene flow from riverine species has been ongoing, into ancestral and extant Lake Ejagham lineages, and identify and date river-to-lake admixture blocks. One of these contains a cluster of olfactory receptor genes that introgressed close to the time of the first speciation event and coincides with a higher overall rate of admixture into the recipient lineages. Olfactory signaling is a key component of mate choice and species recognition in cichlids. A functional role for this introgression event is consistent with previous findings that assortative mating appears much stronger than ecological divergence in Ejagham Coptodon. We conclude that speciation in this radiation took place in sympatry, yet may have benefited from ongoing riverine gene flow.
FIGURE 4 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 4. Systenus eboritibia sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral; b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. parkeri sp. nov.: c. male habitus, left lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral; e. male postabdomen, right lateral.
FIGURE 1 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 1. Systenus tenorio sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral (terminalia removed); b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. flavifemoratus sp. nov. (holotype): c. male habitus, right lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral. S. maculipennis sp. nov.: e. male habitus, left lateral (terminalia removed); f. hypopygium, left lateral. Abbreviations: cer, cercus; epan, epandrium; hyp, hypandrium; ph, phallus; st, sternite; sur, surstylus; tg, tergite; 6, 7, 8, abdominal segments.
FIGURE 3 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 3. Systenus divericatus sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral; b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. zurqui sp. nov.: c. male habitus, left lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral.
FIGURE 2 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 2. Systenus emusorum sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral; b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. naranjensis sp. nov. (holotype): c. male habitus, left lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral; e. male head, anterior.
Data from: Sustained plumage divergence despite weak genomic differentiation and broad sympatry in sister species of Australian woodswallows (Artamus spp.)
<p><span>Plumage divergence can function as a strong premating barrier when species come into secondary contact. When it fails to do so, the results are often genome homogenization and phenotypic hybrids at the zone of contact. This is not the case in the largely sympatric masked woodswallow and white-browed woodswallow species (Passeriformes: Artamidae: Artamus spp) complex in Australia where phenotypic integrity is sustained despite no discernible mitochondrial structure in earlier work. This lack of structure may suggest recent divergence, ongoing gene flow or both, and phenotypic hybrids are reported albeit rarely. Here, we further assessed the population structure and differentiation across the species' nuclear genomes using ddRAD-seq. As found in the mitochondrial genome, no structure or divergence within or between the two species was detected in the nuclear genome. This coarse sampling of the genome nonetheless revealed peaks of differentiation around the genes SOX5 and Axin1. Both are involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which regulates feather development. Reconstruction of demographic history and estimation of parameters supports a scenario of secondary contact. Our study informs how divergent plumage morphs may arise and be sustained despite whole-genome homogenization and reveals new candidate genes potentially involved in plumage divergence.</span></p>
Fig. 3 in Cryptic diversity, sympatry, and other integrative taxonomy scenarios in the Mexican Ceratozamia miqueliana complex (Zamiaceae)
Fig. 3 Leaflet variation at the population level. a Ceratozamia becerrae, La Pila. b Cerro Madrigal. c C. zoquorum, Cerro Blanco. d Agustín Rubio 1. e Agustín Rubio 2. f C. santillanii. g C. subroseophylla (variation in all populations). h C. miqueliana (variation in all populations). i C. euryphyllidia (variation in all populations)
Fig. 1 in Cryptic diversity, sympatry, and other integrative taxonomy scenarios in the Mexican Ceratozamia miqueliana complex (Zamiaceae)
Fig. 1 Distribution map of the species; inset: points 1 The Los Tuxtlas mountain range, 2 Uxpanapa-Chimalapas region, 3 Northern mountain range of Chiapas. The type localities for the species are represented by large figures
Fig. 5 in Sympatry in Mantophasmatodea, with the description of a new species and phylogenetic considerations
Fig. 5 Schematics and photographs (four females each) of spermathecae in Viridiphasma clanwilliamense sp. n. (a–e) and Karoophasma biedouwense (f–j). Spermathecal bulb (spb) connected to vagina (va)
Fig. 4 in Sympatry in Mantophasmatodea, with the description of a new species and phylogenetic considerations
Fig. 4 Micrograph (a) and schematic (b) of distal abdomen in female Viridiphasma clanwilliamense sp. n., ventral view. (a) Specimen fixed in alcohol; gonapophyses VIII (gp8) out of focus; note setae (arrows) on area between gp8. (b) Distal abdomen with gonapophyses VIII removed; few setae (arrows) located in area enclosed by gonapophyseal sclerites (GP9) and posterior intervalvular sclerite (IP); undulating line represents cut through cuticle. Scale bars: 0.5 mm
Fig. 6 in Sympatry in Mantophasmatodea, with the description of a new species and phylogenetic considerations
Fig. 6 Principal components plot from Principal Component Analysis using all measured morphometric data (except of male tergum X). Principal component 1 separates males from females; principal component 2 clearly separates Viridiphasma from Karoophasma. Table shows component loadings of the two factors; values in bold- face indicate variables most strongly associated with the respective component
Fig. 1. Dynastes species. A in New Northernmost Record for Dynastes maya Hardy and Sympatry with Dynastes hyllus Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)
Fig. 1. Dynastes species. A) Male D. maya from Cerro Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla, Mexico (new state record), B) Holotype of D. maya from LacanjÁ, Chiapas, Mexico (image by François GÉnier, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada), C) Neotype of D. hyllus from Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico (image by Christophe Rivier, MusÉum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France), D) Comparison of cephalic horns of major males of D. maya (left) and D. hyllus (right) from Cerro Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla, Mexico.
Fig. 2 in New Northernmost Record for Dynastes maya Hardy and Sympatry with Dynastes hyllus Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)
Fig. 2. Distribution of Dynastes maya in south-central Mexico (modified from Moctezuma and SÁnchez-Huerta
Figs. 1-4. Heilipus species. 1 in Sympatry of Two Species of Heilipus Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Infesting Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in Central Mexico
Figs. 1-4. Heilipus species. 1) H. albopictus, dorsal view; 2) H. albopictus, lateral view; 3) H. lauri, dorsal view; 4) H. lauri, lateral view.
Data from: Allopatric origin of cryptic butterfly species that were discovered feeding on distinct host plants in sympatry
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Data from: Extensive sympatry, cryptic diversity and introgression throughout the geographic distribution of two coral species complexes
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