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FIGURE 1 in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 1. Map of the coast of Chile with indication of the sampling localities at the two areas surveyed. Locality codes as in Table 1. The main oceanic currents: west wind drift (wwd), Cape Horn Current (CHC) and Humbold Current (HC) are indicated.

FIGURE 4. Aplidium fuegiense. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 4. Aplidium fuegiense. A, image of a colony, B, thorax with a commensal crustacean inside; C, abdomen and postabdomen. Aplidium variabilis. D, colony; E, anterior part of a zooid; F, larva. Scale bars: A, 2 cm, B, 1 mm, C, 2 mm, D, 2 cm, E, 1 mm, F, 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 10. Polyzoa iosune. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 10. Polyzoa iosune. A, image of a colony carpeting the substrate and overgrowing Aplidium peruvianum (whitish masses) exposed at low tide; B, close-up of the apical part of the zooids; C, mantle of two zooids, vision of the right side (left of the image) and ventral vision (right of the image); D, dissected zooid; E, same zooid without branchial sac; F, G, details of the branchial sac; H, close-up of hermaphrodite gonads from the right side of the zooid (endostyle is towards the upper-left of the image); I, larva. Images D–H are of stained material. Scale bars: A, 5 cm, B, C, 5mm, D, E, 2 mm, F, 1 mm, G, 0.2 mm, H, 1 mm, I, 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 7. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 7. A, Ciona robusta on a buoy, note also some Asterocarpa humilis (orange-coloured). Corella eumyota. B, whole individual; C, dissected individual; D, right side of the mantle, branchial sac eliminated. Inset shows magnification of the zone of the genital openings. The specimen in C and D has been stained. Scale bars: A, 10 cm, B, 2 mm, C, D, 1 mm.

FIGURE 6. Synoicum georgianum. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 6. Synoicum georgianum. A, colony; B, zooid; C, abdomen (stained material); D. transverse section at the stomach level. Scale bars: A, 1 cm, B, 1 mm, C, D, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 13. Styela changa. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 13. Styela changa. A, whole individual; B, C, dissected digestive system as seen from the branchial side (B) and from the mantle side (C); D, Specimens of Styela paessleri partially overgrown by Didemnum studeri; E, dissected mantle of an immature individual, branchial sac removed (stained material); F, anterior part of a larva. Scale bars: A, 2 mm, B, C, 0.5 mm, D,E, 1 cm, F, 50 µm.

FIGURE 15. Paramolgula gigantea. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 15. Paramolgula gigantea. A, underwater image of an specimen from Porvenir Bay; B, dissected individual; C, same individual without branchial sac; D, close-up of the aperture of the left gonad (stained), showing one female (♀) and three male openings (short tubes around ♀); E, image of the branchial sac (stained). Scale bars: A, B, C, 2 cm, D, 2 mm, E, 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 12. Polyzoa opuntia. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 12. Polyzoa opuntia. A, colonies; B, zooid dissected without branchial sac (stained), inset shows magnification of gonads and endocarps on the left side. Scale bars: A, 2 cm, B, 1 cm.

FIGURE 3 in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 3. Didemnid species. Didemnum studeri: A, colonies, B, anterior region of a larva; Polysyncraton trivolutum: C, image of a colony, D, thorax in dorsal (left) and lateral (right) view; E, spicules of Didemnum studeri; F, spicule of Lissoclinum perforatum; G, spicule of Polysyncraton trivolutum. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 0.1 mm; C, 1 cm; D, 0.25 mm; E, 10 µm; F, 5 µm; G, 1 0 µ m.

FIGURE 2. Distaplia colligans. A in Ascidian fauna (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) of subantarctic and temperate regions of Chile

FIGURE 2. Distaplia colligans. A, image of a colony; B, zooid as seen from the left hand side; C, Thoracic region as seen from the right hand side; D, larva. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B,C,D, 0.5 mm.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Key roles for the freezing line and disturbance in driving the low plant species richness of temperate regions

Aim: At the macroscale, climate strongly correlates with species richness gradients, resulting from differences in in-situ diversification and dispersal. One historical explanation for the pattern is that regions spanning temperate climates contain few species because past disturbances have generated high extinction rates, and species from tropical regions are unable to easily colonize temperate regions. We test these postulates for Himalayan plants, which span subtropical to temperate climates over steep elevational gradients. Location: Himalaya Time period: Present day Major taxa studied: Angiosperms Methods: We use a comprehensive survey of 31 floras to document the elevational and geographical distributions of native Himalayan plants, augmented by field studies of trees in both the east and west Himalaya. We use grade of membership models to cluster species according to locations shared and phylogenetic analysis to evaluate diversification rates. Results: Species fall into four cohesive biotas, organized by climate. Points of turnover between biotas occur where the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month is approximately 0oC (2,000 m - 2,500 m), and at the point of occasional annual freezing (1,000 m - 1,500 m); these boundaries run the length of the Himalaya. The patterns are retained when we consider whole clades rather than species. All plants (and the subsets trees, herbs and shrubs) belonging to the biota above the 2,000 m - 2,500 m line have higher recent speciation rates than those lower down. Main conclusions: We attribute the high rate of recent speciation in temperate climates to high rates of turnover, creating ecological and geographical opportunity. The high elevation biota has few species, but spans the largest area, implying species numbers are far from any carrying capacity, at least with respect to accumulation of allopatric forms. This study thus links climatic restrictions of clades to differences in diversification rates, and by inference species numbers.

openother-openMay 2022View details →

Largely independent effects of top predators, including Amur tigers and humans, on mammal communities in a recovering temperate forest region

Data associated with the manuscript "Largely independent effects of top predators, including Amur tigers and humans, on mammal communities in a recovering temperate forest region"

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. P. d. dalli True, 1885 — cool temperate regions of the N Pacific Ocean from Japan to Alaska and S to N Baja California, Mexico. P d. truee Andrews, 1911 — NW Pacific ÚCCZUI waters ¢.35-534° N, including the Okhotsk Sea. in Phocoenidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. d. dalli True, 1885 — cool temperate regions of the N Pacific Ocean from Japan to Alaska and S to N Baja California, Mexico. P d. truee Andrews, 1911 — NW Pacific ÚCCZUI waters ¢.35-534° N, including the Okhotsk Sea.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae

Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region

Aim: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients. Location: North-eastern China. Time period: 2017. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models, and structural equation modeling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers. Results: We found that both α- and β-diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity are respectively more important for promoting high and moderate threshold multifunctionality (e.g., EMFT90 and EMFT50) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by species α-diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β-diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α-diversity and phylogenetic β-diversity. Main conclusions: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

FIGURE 1. Percentage Potentially Informative Character values for all 11 chloroplast regions. For the regions rps16 in A new genus and a major temperate bamboo lineage of the Arundinarieae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Sri Lanka based on a multi-locus plastid phylogeny

FIGURE 1. Percentage Potentially Informative Character values for all 11 chloroplast regions. For the regions rps16–trnQ, trnC– rpoB, trnD–trnT, trnT–trnL and ndhF 3' the PIC values include the outgroups. For the regions psbD-trnT, psbJ-petA and ycf6- psbM the PIC values include only the ingroup species.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data from: Soil dynamics in forest restoration: a data set for temperate and tropical regions

Restoring forest ecosystems has become a global priority. Yet, soil dynamics is still poorly assessed among restoration studies and lacks knowledge on how soil is affected by forest restoration process. Here, we compile information on soil dynamics in forest restoration based on soil physical, chemical and biological attributes in temperate and tropical forest regions. It encompasses 50 scientific papers across 17 different countries and contains 1,469 quantitative information of soil attributes between reference (e.g., old-growth forest) and restored ecosystems (e.g. forests in their initial or secondary stage of succession) within the same study. To be selected, studies had to be conducted in forest ecosystems, to include multiple sampling sites (replicates) in both restored and reference ecosystems, and to encompass quantitative data of soil attributes for both reference and restored ecosystems. We recorded in each study the following information: (i) study year; (ii) country; (iii) forest region (tropical or temperate); (iv) latitude; (v) longitude; (vi) soil class; (vii) past disturbance; (viii) restoration strategy (active or passive); (ix) restoration age; (x) soil attribute type (physical, chemical or biological); (xi) soil attribute; (xii) soil attribute unit; (xiii) soil sampling (procedures); (xiv) date of sampling; (xv) soil depth sampled; (xvi) soil analysis; (xvii) quantitative values of soil attributes for both restored and reference ecosystems; (xviii) type of variation (standard error ou deviation) for both restored and reference ecosystems; and (xix) quantitative values of the variation for both restored and reference ecosystems. These were the most common data available in the selected studies. This extensive database on the extent soil physical, chemical and biological attributes differ between reference and restored ecosystems can fill part of the existing gap on both soil science and forest restoration in terms of: (i) which are the critical soil attributes to be monitored during forest restoration? and (ii) how do environmental factors affect soil attributes in forest restoration? The data will be made available to the scientific community for further analyses on both soil science and forest restoration. Soil information gap during the forest restoration process and its general patterns can be addressed using this data set.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data for: Environmental filtering drives biodiversity‒spatial stability relationships in a large temperate forest region

<ol> <li>The assumption that greater biodiversity enhances ecosystem stability, commonly known as "portfolio effect", has attracted considerable research attention. However, the potential portfolio effects on spatial stability (the similarity of ecosystem functioning among forest communities) are still poorly examined especially at different spatial scales and under varying environmental stress conditions. Accordingly, this study investigates the biodiversity-spatial stability relationship among regional communities across different spatial scales and environmental conditions in a temperate forest region.</li> <li>We define spatial stability as the invariability of the productivity of woody plants among plots within a regional community. To test spatial stability, the N closest plots to a given plot were aggregated to form regional communities representing different spatial scales. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate how biodiversity (including taxonomic (TD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD)) increases spatial stability via species asynchrony and/or population stability across spatial scales. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling was used to evaluate the environmental dependence of the portfolio effects on spatial stability.</li> <li>TD and PD both increased spatial stability by increasing asynchrony, but decreased population stability. The portfolio effect of TD on spatial stability became stronger and reached saturation at the intermediate scale and then decreased as regional communities became larger. The portfolio effects of TD were weaker under the stressful conditions of drought, high precipitation seasonality and high elevation but unchanged across temperature seasonality and human disturbance. PD showed no discernable effect on spatial stability and did not change across spatial scale and environmental condition.</li> <li>Our results suggest that the positive effect of biodiversity on species asynchrony overcomes the negative biodiversity effect on population stability to buffer the spatial change in productivity in diverse communities. Future research on the biodiversity–spatial stability relationship may thus benefit from incorporating different spatial scales and environmental conditions into the analysis. </li> </ol>

publicJun 2023View details →

Data for: Environmental filtering drives biodiversity‒spatial stability relationships in a large temperate forest region

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