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122 results for “temperate trees”
Raczka et al. Plant-microbial responses to reduced precipitation depend on tree species in a temperate forest
Given that global change is predicted to increase the frequency and severity of drought in temperate forests, it is critical to understand the degree to which plant belowground responses cascade through the soil system to drive ecosystem responses to water stress. While most research has focused on plant and microbial responses independently of each other, a gap in our understanding lies in the integrated response of plant-microbial interactions to water stress. We investigated the extent to which divergent belowground responses to reduced precipitation between sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum) vs. oak trees (Oak spp.) may influence microbial activity via throughfall exclusion in the field. Evidence that oak trees send carbon belowground to prime microbial activity more than maples under ambient conditions and in response to water stress suggests there is the potential for corresponding impacts of reduced precipitation on microbial activity. As such, we tested the hypothesis that differences in belowground C allocation between oaks and maples would stimulate microbial activity in the oak treatment soils and reduce microbial activity in in the sugar maple treatment soils compared to their respective controls. We found that the treatment led to declines in N mineralization, soil respiration, and oxidative enzyme activity in the sugar maple treatment plot. These declines may be due to sugar maple trees reducing root C transfers to the soil. By contrast, the reduced precipitation treatment enhanced soil respiration, as well as rates of N mineralization and peroxidase activity in the oak rhizosphere. This enhanced activity suggests that oak roots provided optimal rhizosphere conditions during water stress to prime microbial activity to support net primary production. With future changes in precipitation predicted for forests in the Eastern US, we show that the strength of plant-microbial interactions drives the degree to which reduced precipitation impacts soil C and nu
Tree mycorrhizal type mediates the strength of negative density dependence in temperate forests
<p>1. Recent plant-soil feedback experiments suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species experience stronger conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) than ectomycorrhizal (EM) tree species. Yet how these findings inform our understanding of natural systems is limited because the roles of local soil conditions, light environments and tree species abundances in influencing CNDD for AM and EM species are not clear.</p> <p>2. Here we examined seedling and sapling survival in two temperate old-growth forests (broadleaved pine and spruce-fir forests) in Northeast China, to evaluate the effects of both conspecific and heterospecific neighbour density, as well as the soil and light environments, on the survival of AM and EM-dependent trees at early life stages.</p> <p>3. While light availability increased the survival of EM seedlings, soil organic resources increased EM sapling survival in the spruce-fir plot. AM seedlings suffered stronger CNDD than did EM seedlings in both plots. In the spruce-fir plot, soil factors and light availability mediated species CNDD but their effects differed for AM and EM species, and also between seedlings and saplings. For seedlings in both plots, we found that AM species exhibited a positive relationship between species abundance and CNDD strength, whereas this relationship was negative for EM species.</p> <p>4.<i> Synthesis</i>. Our results provide one of the few tests of how fungal symbioses determine species responses to intra- and interspecific interactions and the direct effects of local environmental conditions on seedling and sapling survival. We show that mycorrhizal type mediates the strength of CNDD and its relationship with species abundance. These results suggest that tree mycorrhizal association can determine the strength of CNDD effects on both rare and common species, and these CNDD differences are likely to influence the community composition of temperate forests.</p>
Mesophication in temperate Europe: a dendrochronological reconstruction of tree succession and fires in a mixed deciduous stand in Białowieża Forest / supporting data
<p>The attached data was gathered to investigate the successional changes in Bialowieza Forest mixed-deciduous stands by reconstructing the long-term tree population dynamics (tree-ring data). Traces of fires were documented from a 43ha area to explore whether fire was involved in shaping the succession of this habitat.</p>
Data from: Fire and non-native grass invasion interact to suppress tree regeneration in temperate deciduous forests
1. While many ecosystems depend on fire to maintain biodiversity, non-native plant invasions can enhance fire intensity, suppressing native species and generating a fire–invasion feedback. These dynamics have been observed in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, but fire–invasion interactions in temperate deciduous forests, where prescribed fires are often used as management tools to enhance native diversity, have rarely been investigated. 2. Here we evaluated the effects of a widespread invasive grass on fire behaviour in eastern deciduous forests in the USA and the potential effects of fire and invasions on tree regeneration. We planted native trees into invaded and uninvaded forests, quantified fuel loads, then applied landscape-scale prescribed fires and no-burn controls, and measured fire behaviour and tree seedling and invasive plant performance. 3. Our results show that fires in invaded habitats were significantly more intense, including higher fire temperatures, longer duration and higher flame heights, even though invasions did not alter total fuel loads. The invasion plus fire treatment suppressed native tree seedling survival by 54% compared to invasions without fire, and invasions reduced natural tree recruitment by 66%. 4. We also show that invasive plant biomass did not change from one season to the next in plots where fire was applied, but invader biomass declined significantly in unburned reference plots, suggesting a positive invasive grass–fire feedback. 5. Synthesis and applications. These findings demonstrate that fire–invasion interactions can have significant consequences for invaded temperate forest ecosystems by increasing fire intensity and reducing tree establishment while promoting invasive plant persistence. To encourage tree regeneration and slow invasive spread, we recommend that forest managers remove invasions prior to applying prescribed fires or avoid the use of fire in habitats invaded by non-native grasses.
Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees
1. Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of soil water through plant roots is widely described, however its extent, especially in temperate trees, remains unclear. Here, we quantified redistributed water of five temperate tree species. We hypothesized that both, HR within a plant and into the soil increases with higher water-potential gradients, larger root conduit diameters and root-xylem hydraulic conductivities. 2. Saplings of conifer (<i>Picea abies</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>), diffuse-porous (<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i>) and ring-porous species (<i>Castanea sativa</i>, <i>Quercus robur</i>) were planted in split-root systems, where one plant had its roots split between two pots with different water-potential gradients (0.23 to 4.20 MPa). Hydraulic redistribution was quantified via deuterium labeling. 3. On average, species redistributed 0.39 ± 0.14 ml water overnight (0.08 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup> root mass). Higher pre-dawn water-potential gradients, xylem hydraulic conductivities and larger conduit diameters significantly increased HR. Hydraulic conductivity had the greatest influence on HR, within the plants (0.03 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>) and into the soil (0.06 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>). 4. Additional factors as soil-root contact should be considered, especially when calculating water transfer into the soil. Nevertheless, trees maintaining high xylem hydraulic conductivity showed higher HR amounts, potentially making them valuable 'silvicultural tools' to improve plant water-status.
Data from: Social-ecological landscape patterns predict woody encroachment from native tree plantings in a temperate grassland
Afforestation is often viewed as the purposeful planting of trees in historically non-forested grasslands, but an unintended consequence is woody encroachment, which should be considered part of the afforestation process. In North America's temperate grassland biome, Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is a native species used in tree plantings that aggressively invades in the absence of controlling processes. Cedar is a well-studied woody encroacher, but little is known about the degree to which cedar windbreaks, which are advocated for in agroforestry programs, are contributing to woody encroachment, what factors are associated with cedar spread from windbreaks, nor where encroachment from windbreaks is occurring in contemporary social–ecological landscapes. We used remotely sensed imagery to identify the presence and pattern of woody encroachment from windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. We used multimodel inference to compare three classes of models representing three hypotheses about factors that could influence cedar spread: (a) windbreak models based on windbreak structure and design elements; (b) abiotic models focused on local environmental conditions; and (c) landscape models characterizing coupled human-natural features within the broader matrix. Woody encroachment was evident for 22% of sampled windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. Of our candidate models, our inclusive landscape model carried 92% of the model weight. This model indicated that encroachment from windbreaks was more likely near roadways and less likely near farmsteads, other cedar plantings, and waterbodies, highlighting strong social ties to the distribution of woody encroachment from tree plantings across contemporary landscapes. Cedar control efforts are insufficient for nearly one-quarter of windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. Our model findings indicate where additional investments into cedar control can be prioritized to prevent cedar spread from windbreaks. This approach can serve as a model in other temperate regions to identify where woody encroachment resulting from temperate agroforestry programs is emerging.
The synergy of intrinsic ecological mechanisms of leaf nutrient resorption in temperate deciduous trees
<p>Nutrient resorption is a critical process in plant nutrient conservation during leaf senescence. However, the underlying ecological mechanisms on the large variabilities in nitrogen (NRE) and phosphorous (PRE) resorption efficiencies remain poorly understood. We conducted a comprehensive study on NRE and PRE variability using 61 tree individuals of 10 temperate broadleaved tree species. Three potentially interrelated intrinsic ecological mechanisms (i.e., leaf pigments, energy residual and leaf senescence phenology) were verified. We found that delayed leaf senescence date, increased degradation of chlorophyll and carotenoids, biosynthesis of anthocyanins, and reduced nonstructural carbohydrates (particular sugars) coordinately and positively related with NRE and PRE. The intrinsic factors affecting the resorption efficiency were ranked in a decreasing order: leaf pigments > energy residual > senescence phenology. Our findings underscore the synergistic effect of the three ecological mechanisms on leaf nutrient resorption, and hold significant implications for comprehending how nutrient resorption responds to climate change.</p>
Number of growth days and not length of the growth period determines radial stem growth of temperate trees
<p>Radial stem growth dynamics at seasonal resolution are essential to understand how forests respond to climate change. We studied daily radial growth of 160 individuals of seven temperate tree species at 47 sites across Switzerland over eight years. Growth of all species peaked in the early part of the growth season and commenced shortly before the summer solstice, but with species-specific seasonal patterns. Day length set a window of opportunity for radial growth. Within this window, the probability of daily growth was constrained particularly by air and soil moisture, resulting in intermittent growth to occur only on 29 to 77 days (30 to 80 %) within the growth period. The number of days with growth largely determined annual growth, whereas the growth period length contributed less. We call for accounting these non-linear intra-annual and species-specific growth dynamics in tree and forest models to reduce uncertainties in predictions under climate change.</p>
Spring-flowering herbs in North American temperate forests advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures
<ol> <li>The phenologies of co-occurring trees and spring-blooming understory herbs in northeastern hardwood forests appear to be regulated by different environmental drivers—air temperature and soil temperature/snowpack, respectively. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that climate change-driven asymmetry in the advancement of canopy leaf-out relative to the timing of understory growth could reduce photosynthetic rates and reproductive success of understory herbs through greater early-season shading.</li> <li>To determine whether trees and spring-flowering spring-flowering forest herbs are advancing their phenologies at different rates with respect to increasing global temperatures, we examined the phenological responses to warming of 10 species of trees and 11 species of spring-flowering forest herbs (8,045 observations from 965 sites) in northeastern North America using 13 years of data collected by citizen scientists under the auspices of the USA-National Phenology Network.</li> <li>Contrary to expectation, the timing of leaf-out of spring-flowering forest herbs was more strongly associated with temperature than was timing of tree leaf-out, with a mean response rate of −4.9 days/˚C (95% BCI [−5.2, −4.6]) for spring-flowering forest herbs <em>vs.</em> −3.3 days/℃ (95% BCI [−3.5, −3.1]) for trees. However, the response to temperature was not consistent across the latitudinal range, with spring-flowering forest herbs responding more strongly to warming than trees at middle (40–44˚N) and higher (45–48˚N) latitudes but not at lower latitudes (35–39˚N). </li> <li>In contrast to what has been suggested previously, our results suggest that the growing season and carbon uptake of spring-flowering forest herbs could increase as spring temperatures rise. Our study is the first to show spring-flowering forest herbs advancing their phenology at a higher rate than trees with respect to warming.</li> </ol>
Dataset to paper "The effects of solar radiation on daily and seasonal stem increment of canopy trees in European temperate old-growth forests."
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Data from: Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: North-eastern China.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: 2017.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Woody plants.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models, and structural equation modeling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.<br>Results: We found that both α- and β-diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity are respectively more important for promoting high and moderate threshold multifunctionality (e.g., EMFT90 and EMFT50) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by species α-diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β-diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α-diversity and phylogenetic β-diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.</p>
Data from: Patterns of tree mortality in a temperate deciduous forest derived from a large forest dynamics plot
Tree mortality is one of the most influential drivers of forest dynamics, and characterizing patterns of tree mortality is critical to understanding forest dynamics and ecosystem function in the present era of global change. Here, we use a unique data set of mortality in a temperate deciduous forest to characterize rates and drivers of mortality. At the 25.6-ha Center for Tropical Forest Science—Forest Global Earth Observatory forest dynamics plot at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (Virginia, USA), we conducted two full tree censuses in 2008 and 2013 and then tracked mortality over the next 2 years (2014 and 2015). Overall, the mortality rate, m, of stems ≥10 cm diameter was 1.3–2.1%/yr. Biomass mortality, M, was 1.9–3.4 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 at the stand level (0.6–1.1%/yr of biomass), less than biomass gains from growth and recruitment, resulting in net live biomass accumulation. Small stems died at the highest rate; however, contributions to M increased toward larger size classes. Most species had m < 2%/yr and M < 0.25 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 (<3%/yr of biomass), whereas two to four species had anomalously high mortality rates during each census period, accounting for 15–24% of m (n = 2, Cercis canadensis, Ulmus species) and 39–75% of M (n = 4 Quercus species). Stems that died, whether or not in association with mechanical damage, tended to grow more slowly in preceding years than surviving stems and, for certain shade-intolerant species, tended to be in neighborhoods with higher basal area. These findings show how relatively fine-scale mortality processes contribute to stand-level compositional change and carbon cycling. The mortality patterns reported here will provide a valuable basis for understanding future disturbance events within eastern deciduous forests and for comparing across forest types.
Data from: Impact of the spatial uncertainty of seed dispersal on tree colonization dynamics in a temperate forest
An aggregated distribution of dispersed seeds may influence the colonization process in tree communities via inflated spatial uncertainty. To evaluate this possibility, we studied 10 tree species in a temperate forest: one primarily barochorous, six anemochorous and two endozoochorous species. A statistical model was developed by combining an empirical seed dispersal kernel with a gamma distribution of seedfall density, with parameters that vary with distance. In the probability density, the fitted models showed that seeds of Fagaceae (primarily barochorous) and Betulaceae (anemochorous) were disseminated locally (i.e., within 60 m of a mother tree), whereas seeds of Acer (anemochorous) and endozoochorous species were transported farther. Greater fecundity compensated for the lower probability of seed dispersal over long distances for some species. Spatial uncertainty in seedfall density was much greater within 60 m of a mother tree than farther away, irrespective of dispersal mode, suggesting that seed dispersal is particularly aggregated in the vicinity of mother trees. Simulation results suggested that such seed dispersal patterns could lead to sites in the vicinity of a tree being occupied by other species that disperse seeds from far away. We speculate that this process could promote coexistence by making the colonization rates of the species more similar on average and equalizing species fitness in this temperate forest community.
Data from: Multiple glacial refugia for cool-temperate deciduous trees in northern East Asia: the Mongolian oak as a case study
In East Asia, temperate forests are predicted to have retracted southward to c. 30° N during the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on fossil pollen data, whereas phylogeographic studies have often suggested glacial in situ survival of cool-temperate deciduous trees in their modern northern ranges. Here we report a study of the genetic diversity and structure of 29 natural Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) populations using 19 nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) loci and four chloroplast DNA fragments. Bayesian clustering analysis with nSSRs revealed five groups, which were inferred by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to have diverged in multiple refugia through multiple glacial–interglacial cycles. Analysis of chloroplast DNA variation revealed four lineages that were largely but incompletely geographically disjunct. Ecological niche modelling (ENMs) indicated a southward range shift of the oak's distribution at the LGM, although high suitability scores were also evident in the Changbai Mts. (Northeast China), the Korean Peninsula, areas surrounding the Bohai Sea, and along the coast of the Russian Far East. In addition, endemic chloroplast DNA haplotypes and nuclear lineages occurred in high-latitude northern areas where the ENM predicted no suitable habitat. The combined evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA, and the results of the ENM clearly demonstrate that multiple northern refugia, including cryptic ones, were maintained across the current distributional range of the Mongolian oak during the LGM or earlier glacial periods. Though spatially limited, postglacial expansions from these refugia have led to a pattern of decreased genetic diversity with increasing latitude.
Strong non-growing season N uptake by deciduous trees in a temperate forest: A 15N isotopic experiment
<p>Nitrogen (N) is a critical element for vegetation growth and subsequent carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Plant N uptake, the only pathway for plants to directly obtain N from soils, is a bottleneck process for ecosystem C and N cycling. Ecological theories predict that deciduous trees remain dormant and do not take up N during winters as no growth occurs during this season.</p> <p>In this study, we adopted a <sup><span>15</span></sup>N isotopic experiment to trace N processes throughout the non-growing season in a temperate forest in northern China. The <sup><span>15</span></sup>N-labeled inorganic N (NH<sub><span>4</span></sub><sup><span>+</span></sup> and NO<sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>−</span></sup>) and <sup><span>13</span></sup>C<sup><span>15</span></sup>N-labeled organic N (glycine and tyrosine) (equivalent to 150 mg <sup><span>15</span></sup>N m<sup><span>-2</span></sup>) were applied to soils at mid-fall, and the <sup><span>15</span></sup>N recovery in various components of dominant evergreen and deciduous species was analyzed.</p> <p>We found that soil N transformation remained active in the winter and microbial N immobilization reached its peak in late winter. Surprisingly, deciduous species maintained a high N uptake that was comparable with the evergreen species throughout the non-growing season. Perennial herbs did not take up N until the next spring. All plant species acquired inorganic N and simple amino acids, while only the tree species utilized complex amino acids. Throughout the non-growing season, evergreen and deciduous trees showed higher uptake rates for NH<sub><span>4</span></sub><sup><span>+</span></sup> and glycine than NO<sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>−</span></sup> and tyrosine, while deciduous shrubs and herbs showed a stronger preference for NO<sub><span>3</span></sub><sup><span>−</span></sup> over other N forms.</p> <p><i>Synthesis: </i>The finding that deciduous trees have strong N uptake in the non-growing season challenges the conventional viewpoint that deciduous trees remain dormant during non-growing seasons. This mechanism might supplement the algorithm in the model representation of N-limited temperate forest ecosystems.</p>
Understory plant removal counteracts tree thinning effect on soil respiration in a temperate forest
<p><span>Elucidating the response mechanism of soil respiration (Rs) to silvicultural practices is pivotal to evaluating the effects of management practices on soil carbon cycling in planted forest ecosystems. </span><span>However, as common management practices, how thinning, understory plant removal, and their interactions affect Rs and its autotrophic and heterotrophic components (Ra and Rh) remains unclear</span><span>. Therefore, we investigated Rs, Ra and Rh by the trenching method from 2011 to 2015 in a Pinus tabuliformis plantation in northern China, subjecting to four treatments [intact control plots (CK), thinning (T), understory removal (UR), and thinning with understory removal (TUR)].</span><span> Mean annual Rs was significantly increased by thinning (by 15.3%), whereas decreased by UR (by 17.4%), compared with CK. These variations in Rs were mainly attributed to changes in Ra. The increments of Ra were caused by the enhanced growth of fine root biomass after thinning. However, UR led to lower Ra compared with CK (P < 0.05), indicating that understory growth is inadequate to compensate for the decreased respiring root biomass induced by understory removal. Rs was unchanged between TUR and the intact control plot due to the opposite effects of thinning and UR on the Ra. Changes in Rh exhibited no significant differences among the treatments, partly because of the stable microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and forest floor mass (litter and fine woody debris). No interaction effect between thinning and understory removal was detected on Rs, Ra and Rh. The lowest temperature sensitivity (Q10) value of Ra was found in CK. This study highlights the necessity of incorporating understory plant effects on soil CO2 efflux in assessing forest management practices on soil carbon cycling.</span></p>
Data from: No role for xylem embolism or carbohydrate shortage in temperate trees during the severe 2015 drought
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Data from: Impact of the spatial uncertainty of seed dispersal on tree colonization dynamics in a temperate forest
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Data from: Multiple glacial refugia for cool-temperate deciduous trees in northern East Asia: the Mongolian oak as a case study
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Mesophication in temperate Europe: a dendrochronological reconstruction of tree succession and fires in a mixed deciduous stand in Białowieża Forest / supporting data
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