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883 results for “termite”
Data for: Spatial variability in the contribution of termites to the decay of plant detritus
<p>Drylands are characterized by high spatial variability in resource availability due to sporadic rainfall, topography of the landscape and important effects of animals. Resource availability gradients may trigger patterns in decomposer population abundances and activity which could affect ecosystem functions such as decomposition. Here, we examined the influence of resource availability gradients on the importance of termites in the decomposition of wood and grass litter. We placed wood blocks and grass litter baits in bags accessible and inaccessible to termites across wood and grass resource gradients as determined by the presence or absence of a top mammalian predator and across topographic gradients during a 9-month period in arid Australia. We hypothesized that grass-eating termite activity would track grass abundance and wood-eating termite activity would track wood abundance. Termites were the predominant decomposition agent at these sites. Termites contributed to 99.5% of wood decomposition and 83.9% of grass decomposition during our study period. For wood, the termite effect was spatially variable and increased with habitat wood availability which was greatest on dunes and where top predators were absent. However, the contribution of termites to grass litter decomposition did not track grass availability or termite abundance. The highest effects of termites on grass decomposition rates were found in habitats where the absence of top predators led to low grass availability. Our findings highlight how spatial variability in resources in addition to other factors that we do not document but are known to be influenced by the presence of top predators, such as insectivore predation rates, across the landscape could affect ecosystem functions such as decomposition. </p>
Data from: Effect of food restriction on survival and reproduction of a termite
<p>Food availability affects the trade-off between maintenance and reproduction in a wide range of organisms, but its effects on social insects remain poorly understood. In social insects, the maintenance-reproduction trade-off seems to be absent in individuals but may appear at the colony level, although this is rarely investigated. In this study, we restricted food availability in a termite species to test how it affects survival and reproduction, both at the individual and colony level. Using Bayesian multivariate response models, we found very minor effects of food restriction on the survival of queens, individual workers, or on the colonies. In contrast, queen fecundity was significantly reduced while colony-level fecundity (i.e., the number of dispersing alates, future reproductives) increased under food restriction as workers gave up cooperation within the colony and became alates that dispersed. Our study shows that life history trade-offs can be mitigated by individuals' social behaviours in social organisms.</p>
FIGURE 8 in Termite nests in eolian backshore settings: An unusual record throughout the Quaternary in the Neotropical realm
FIGURE 8. Hypogean structures in nest D.4. Successive cuts evidencing a general funnel shape (a, b) and agglomer- ated passages (c, d) as a lateral projection.
FIGURE 7. Termite nests from site D in Termite nests in eolian backshore settings: An unusual record throughout the Quaternary in the Neotropical realm
FIGURE 7. Termite nests from site D. General view of nests close to the shoreline (a); grass around the mounds. Detail of big epigeal portion in D.6 (b). Details of the cast nest D.4 (c). Detail of passages of epigeal portion and the surrounding roots in the bottom portion (d). Schematic disposition of termite nests in cross-section (e) and plan view (f); the closest nest is ca. 58 m from shoreline.
FIGURE 4. Termite nests from site B in Termite nests in eolian backshore settings: An unusual record throughout the Quaternary in the Neotropical realm
FIGURE 4. Termite nests from site B. General view of nest B.1 (a) and proximity to the shoreline; sparse vegetation of grasses and ferns around the mound. Detailed view of B.1 nest cast (b) and lateral projections mostly inside roots. Detail of the passages inside roots (c), cast by resin. Schematic disposition of termite nests in cross-section (d) and in plan view (e); closest nest is nearly 50 m from shoreline, where the nests are concentrated in interdune settings in the frontal dune zone.
FIGURE 5. Termite nests from site C in Termite nests in eolian backshore settings: An unusual record throughout the Quaternary in the Neotropical realm
FIGURE 5. Termite nests from site C. General view of nest C.1, next to a stream (a); it is seem a diverse vegetation close to the permanent stream, but the termite nests are restrict to grass. Detail of nest C.1 surrounded by grass (b). Detail of the inner passages of nest C.2 surrounded by grass roots (c). Schematic disposition of the termite nests in cross-section (d) and plan view (e); closest nest is approximately 170 m from the shoreline, where the nests are concentrated in the wet interdune zone.
FIGURE 1 in Termite nests in eolian backshore settings: An unusual record throughout the Quaternary in the Neotropical realm
FIGURE 1. Schematic map of studied areas (red circles). In this study only coastal occurrences of termite nests were considered. Site A: 29°23'3.26"S, 49°45'29.94"W; Site B: 30° 5'21.61"S, 50°10'9.26"W; Site C: 31° 9'34.00"S, 50°49'0.12"W; Site D: 33°43'40.44"S, 53°21'3.80"W. Modified from Google Earth.
Fig. 3 in Cryptic subterranean diversity: regional phylogeography of the sand termite Psammotermes allocerus Silvestri, 1908 in the wider Namib region
Fig. 3 Median-joining network of the combined COI and COII P. allocerus sequences. Coloured circles represent the observed haplotypes, and the size is proportional to the number of collections. Black circles represent missing haplotypes. Marks show the number of mutation steps. Haplotype numbers are gained from DnaSP v6. Dotted lines and colours mark haplotypes according to the genetic group of the phylogeny
Fig. 4 in Cryptic subterranean diversity: regional phylogeography of the sand termite Psammotermes allocerus Silvestri, 1908 in the wider Namib region
Fig. 4 Differences in the tapetum colour of three P. allocerus colonies and the royal pair. A Whitish tapetum of a nest from the Springklipplain from the 'Succulent Karoo' group %South Africa, 26 September 2016). B First image of the king and queen of P. allocerus from Yellow Dune %'Succulent Karoo', South Africa, 08 March 2015). C Blackish tapetum of a nest from Dieprivier %'Southern Namib', Namibia, 05 April 2017). D Blackish tapetum and chambers filled with foraged grass from Iona %'Northern Namib', Angola, 26 September 2016). Images taken by Norbert Jürgens, Felicitas Gunter
Fig. 1 in Cryptic subterranean diversity: regional phylogeography of the sand termite Psammotermes allocerus Silvestri, 1908 in the wider Namib region
Fig. 1 Phylogeny of 65 P. allocerus collections inferred by the Bayesian analysis of COI and COII markers. Support values are given in posterior probability. Clades are coloured according to the genetic group. Dark blue: Succulent Karoo; Light Blue: Southern Namib; Dark green: East Gariep; Light Green: Southwestern Kalahari; Yellow: Nama; Ochre: Western Kalahari Basin; Red: Northern Namib. Abbreviations of study sites are shown in Fig. 2
Fig. 1 in Rare production of nymphs in an Asian subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) incipient colony
Fig. 1. Group of Coptotermes gestroi individuals from the only incipient colony (10 mo old) that produced nymphs in this study. W = worker, S = soldier, M = male (primary reproductive), N = nymph (with wing buds).
Fig. 5 in Territorial status-quo between the big-headed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Fig. 5. Accumulation of cadavers in the area with agonistic interaction between ants and termites. At the end of the fight, ants and termites sealed the area to prevent further contact.
Fig. 4 in Territorial status-quo between the big-headed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Fig. 4. Termites inside the ant arena. Afer the termite group accessed parts of the ant tunnel system, ants rapidly sealed all connections to prevent direct interaction.
Fig. 3. Sealing and walling off the access point between the 2 in Territorial status-quo between the big-headed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Fig. 3. Sealing and walling off the access point between the 2 species where both termites and ants are depositing sand particles to create a physical sepa- ration with little to no casualties. A) in the tube between the arenas, B) at the entrance of the arena.
Fig. 2 in Territorial status-quo between the big-headed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Fig. 2. Arena setup for the competition experiment. On the lef, the arena contains the group of P. megacephala, while on the right, the arena contains the group of C. formosanus. Both arenas are connected by a tube (30 cm).
Fig. 1. A in Territorial status-quo between the big-headed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Fig. 1. A) Abandoned lot in a residential area in Ft Lauderdale, Florida. Scale bar = 1 m. B) Under the woodblock on the ground, P. megacephala had a nest structure with a large brood (circled on the right), while within 5 cm, separated by an insect-made soil barrier, C. formosanus had a tunneling structure (circled on the lef), here a fecal deposit, at the interface between the soil and the woodblock. The observed agonism between the 2 species was the result of the disturbance when the woodblock was lifed, however, both species were previously observed one year before at this exact location, showing that the proximity between the 2 species can be stable over time. Scale bar = 2cm.
Fig. 1 in Molecular diagnostic technique for the differentiation of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from other subterranean termites by multiplex-PCR
Fig. 1. Ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel (2%) illustrating a common amplicon of 262 bp from the mtDNA 16S gene for various termite species and unique amplicon of 221 bp specific for the Formosan subterranean termite.
Fig. 2 in Cryptic subterranean diversity: regional phylogeography of the sand termite Psammotermes allocerus Silvestri, 1908 in the wider Namib region
Fig. 2 Distribution map of all Psammotermes allocerus collections and their assignment to the genetic groups found in the phylogenetic analyses %colours). Circles: Collections used for the phylogeny. Black lines: Country borders. Northern Namib: %AH) Aba Huab rivier, %GV) Giribesvlakte, %HD) Hartmann Dunes, %HO) Hoada, %IO) Iona, %MF) Marienfluss, %PR) Purros, %ROE) Rössing mountain, %SO) Sorris Sorris, %TM) Tomakas; Western Kalahari Basin: %AHV) Alt-Hartebeestvlei, %AM) Alex Muranda, %GU) Gariganus, %KM) Katima Mulilo, %RI) Rimini, %RS) Rundu South, %RV) Ravenna, %SA) Samehaling, %SK) Swartkop, %WF2) Warmfontein; Nama: %BY) Barby, %FRC) Fish river Canyon, %GO) Goageb, %SH) Seeheim, %WV) Witvley; Southwestern Kalahari: %GM) Goedmoed, %GR) Gurus, %KFE) Kalkfontein East, %NK) Neikop, %SKN) Swartkop North, %TT) Tranental, %UK) Ukamas, %WF1) Warmfontein; East Gariep: %AP) Akadispass, %BD) Belda, %BH) Bruinheuwel, %DH) De Hoop, %KFE) Kalfontein East, %KFW), %KV) Koeroegabvlakte, %NO) Norachas, %NU) Numees, %RB) Rooiberg, %TB) Tatasberg, %TBQ) Tatasberg Quarzfield; Southern Namib: %DV) Dieprivier, %GA) Garub, %KH) Keetmanshoop, %KW) Keerweder, %RO) Rostock, %SR) Sesriem; Succulent Karoo: %HN) Holhat North, %KTV) Kortdoornvlakte, %LUE) Lüderitz, %RDE) Red Dune East, %SP) Springklipplain, %YD) Yellow Dune, %YDRD) Yellow Dune Red Dune Transect
Fig. 3 in Establishment and spread of two invasive subterranean termite species (Coptotermes formosanus and C. gestroi; Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in metropolitan southeastern Florida (1990-2015)
Fig. 3. Cumulative area within metropolitan southeastern Florida that is at risk of infestation by Coptotermes species over time. An area at risk was determined by the zone within a 500 m radius from a termite record (at scale on the figure).
Fig. 1 in Establishment and spread of two invasive subterranean termite species (Coptotermes formosanus and C. gestroi; Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in metropolitan southeastern Florida (1990-2015)
Fig. 1. Putative distribution of Coptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi in the southeastern United States. Both species have a distribution overlap in metropolitan southeastern Florida.
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