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91 results for “water striders”
Figs 6–7 in New water strider species of Eurymetra from Madagascar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Figs 6–7. Eurymetra santamariae sp. nov., habitus in dorsal aspect: 6 – holotype, male; 7 – allotype, female.
Figs 1–3 in New water strider species of Eurymetra from Madagascar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Figs 1–3. Diagnostic characters of the Eurymetra madagascariensis species group (images of E. papaceki sp. nov.): 1 – first antennomere of left antenna of a male, illustrating the sparsely distributed setae; 2 – abdomen of a female in slightly oblique dorsal view, illustrating the velvety patch; 3 – thorax (in part) and abdomen of a female in ventral view, illustrating the roundish elevation of metasternal scent gland opening and exposed gonocoxae 1. Abbreviations: mtn – metanotum; t1–t8 – tergites 1–8; vp – velvety patch.
Data from: Escalation and morphological constraints of antagonistic armaments in water striders
Sexual conflict may result in the escalating coevolution of sexually antagonistic traits. However, our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of antagonistic traits and their role in association with sex-specific escalation remains limited. Here we study sexually antagonistic coevolution in a genus of water striders called Rhagovelia. We identified a set of male grasping traits and female anti-grasping traits used during pre-mating struggles and show that natural variation of these traits is associated with variation in mating performance in the direction expected for antagonistic coevolution. Phylogenetic mapping detected signal of escalation of these sexually antagonistic traits suggesting an ongoing arms race. Moreover, their escalation appears to be influenced by a trade-off with dispersal through flight in both sexes. Altogether our results highlight how sexual interactions and natural selection may have shaped sex-specific antagonistic trait coevolution.
Figure 9 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 9 Apterous holotype male, Telmatometroides rozeboomi (Drake & Harris, 1937) A dorsal view B ventral view C labels D fore tarsus, internal lateral view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.
Figure 6 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 6 Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov, sp. nov., female A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view D–E scanning electron micrographs D fore leg, ventral view E apex of fore tibia and fore tarsus, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, C); 200 μm (D); 100 μm (E).
Figure 8 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 8 Type locality of Telmatometropsis fredyi sp. nov.; mangrove lagoons in Buenaventura Bay, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
Figure 3 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 3 Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov, sp. nov., male, scanning electron micrographs A fore leg, ventral view B–E fore tarsus B external lateral view C internal lateral view D dorsal view E ventral view. Scale bars: 200 μm (A); 300 μm (B); 20 μm (C); 60 μm (D); 40 μm (E).
Figure 4 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 4 Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov, sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs A–C male A fore pretarsal claw, lateral view B fore tarsomere II, area with cuticular pegs adjacent to pretarsal claw insertion, ventral view C apex of fore tibia with grooming structures, ventral view D female, apex of fore tibia with grooming structures, ventral view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A); 10 μm (B, C, D).
Figure 2 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 2 Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov, sp. nov., male A ventral view B lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 1 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 1 Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov, sp. nov., male A dorsal view B–D Scanning electron micrographs B dorsal view C head, pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum, dorsal view D apex of thorax and base of abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 400 μm (B); 100 μm (C, D).
Figure 5 from: Mondragón-F SP, Morales I, Moreira FFF (2021) Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new water strider from the Colombian Pacific region (Insecta, Hemiptera, Gerridae). ZooKeys 1043: 87-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.58548
Figure 5 Telmatometropsis fredyi gen. nov, sp. nov., male, scanning electron micrographs A proctiger, dorsal view B paramere, lateral view C detail of paramere setiferation D–E sclerites D lateral view E dorsal view. Abbreviations: sclerite (ls), dorsal sclerite (ds). Scale bars: 40 μm (A); 20 μm (B); 0.25 mm (D–E).
Data from: Fluctuating selection strength and intense male competition underlie variation and exaggeration of a water strider's male weapon
Sexually selected traits can reach high degrees of expression and variation under directional selection. A growing number of studies suggest that such selection can vary in space, time and form within and between populations. However, the impact of these fluctuations on sexual trait expression is poorly understood. The water strider Microvelia longipes displays a striking case of exaggeration and phenotypic variation where males display extreme differences in the size of their rear legs. To study the origin and maintenance of this exaggerated trait, we conducted comparative behavioral and morphometric experiments in a sample of Microvelia species. We uncovered differences both in the mating behavior and the degree of sexual dimorphism across these species. Interestingly, M. longipes evolved a specific mating behavior where males compete for egg-laying sites, consisting of small floating objects, to intercept and copulate with gravid females. Through male-male competition assays, we demonstrated that male rear legs are used as weapons to dominate egg-laying sites and that intense competition is associated with the evolution of rear leg length exaggeration. Field observations revealed rapid fluctuation in M. longipes habitat stability and the abundance of egg-laying sites. Paternity tests using genetic markers demonstrated that small males could only fertilize about 5% of the eggs when egg-laying sites are limiting, whereas this proportion increased to about 20% when egg-laying sites become abundant. Furthermore, diet manipulation and artificial selection experiments also showed that the exaggerated leg length in M. longipes males is influenced by both genetic and nutritional factors. Collectively, our results highlight how fluctuation in the strength of directional sexual selection, through changes in the intensity of male competition, can drive the exaggeration and phenotypic variation in this weapon trait.
Data from: Altered physical and social conditions produce rapidly reversible mating systems in water striders
Mating systems can vary within-species but the environmental drivers and behavioral mechanisms underlying this variation are seldom investigated experimentally. We experimentally assessed how individual behavioral plasticity in response to changes in pool and group size resulted in fundamental shifts in mating systems in water striders. We observed the same animals in larger and smaller pools, mimicking variation in pool size in natural streams, and observed a rapid, reversible change in the entire mating system. In large pools, striders exhibited scramble promiscuity with intense sexual conflict. Most males were active, harassing and driving females into hiding. Matings were frequent and typically lasted for more than 100 min. In contrast, when placed in small pools, the same animals often exhibited harem polygyny where the largest male drove other males into hiding, but allowed females to be relatively active. Matings were less frequent and of much shorter duration. Harem polygyny took several days to emerge after animals were moved to small pools, while these same animals returned to scramble promiscuity within hours after being moved to larger pools. Such variability in mating systems likely has important implications for the evolution of individual mating tactics.
TABLE 1 in A new species of the broad-shouldered water strider genus Microvelia Westwood (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan
<p><b>TABLE 1.</b> Measurements of <i>Microvelia</i> (<i>Picaultia</i>) <i>yoshitomii</i> Watanabe, <b>sp. nov.</b> Unit: mm, range (mean ± SD).</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Structure</th><th>Apterous male (<i>N</i> = 3)</th><th>Apterous female (<i>N</i> = 3)</th><th>Macropterous male (<i>N</i> = 1)</th><th>Macropterous female (<i>N</i> = 3)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Body length</th><td>1.49–1.51 (1.50 ± 0.01)</td><td>1.67–1.84 (1.77 ± 0.07)</td><td>1.71</td><td>1.80–1.89 (1.84 ± 0.04)</td></tr><tr><th>Body width</th><td>0.58 (0.58 ± 0.00)</td><td>0.70–0.81 (0.76 ± 0.04)</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.81–0.85 (0.82 ± 0.02)</td></tr><tr><th>Head length</th><td>0.28–0.31 (0.30 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.31–0.35 (0.34 ± 0.02)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Head width</th><td>0.44–0.45 (0.45 ± 0.00)</td><td>0.46–0.51 (0.49 ± 0.02)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Interocular distance</th><td>0.23–0.24 (0.24 ± 0.00)</td><td>0.27–0.29 (0.28 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal segment I</th><td>0.15–0.16 (0.15 ± 0.00)</td><td>0.17–0.19 (0.18 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal segment II</th><td>0.14–0.15 (0.14 ± 0.00)</td><td>0.15–0.16 (0.16 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal segment III</th><td>0.18–0.20 (0.19 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.19–0.23 (0.21 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal segment IV</th><td>0.28–0.30 (0.29 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.31–0.33 (0.32 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Pronotum length</th><td>0.34–0.36 (0.35 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.35–0.42 (0.39 ± 0.03)</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.60–0.65 (0.62 ± 0.02)</td></tr><tr><th>Pronotum width</th><td>0.54–0.56 (0.55 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.64–0.71 (0.68 ± 0.03)</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.81–0.85 (0.82 ± 0.02)</td></tr><tr><th>Fore femur</th><td>0.39–0.45 (0.42 ± 0.02)</td><td>0.42–0.47 (0.45 ± 0.02)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Fore tibia</th><td>0.33–0.37 (0.35 ± 0.02)</td><td>0.32–0.36 (0.34 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Fore tarsus</th><td>0.21–0.23 (0.22 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.21–0.23 (0.22 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Middle femur</th><td>0.44–0.54 (0.48 ± 0.05)</td><td>0.48–0.53 (0.51 ± 0.02)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Middle tibia</th><td>0.40–0.45 (0.42 ± 0.02)</td><td>0.41–0.45 (0.43 ± 0.02)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Middle tarsomere I</th><td>0.10–0.12 (0.11 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.12–0.13 (0.13 ± 0.00)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Middle tarsomere II</th><td>0.15–0.16 (0.16 ± 0.00)</td><td>0.16 (0.16 ± 0.00)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Hind femur</th><td>0.51–0.56 (0.54 ± 0.02)</td><td>0.56–0.63 (0.60 ± 0.03)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Hind tibia</th><td>0.51–0.57 (0.54 ± 0.02)</td><td>0.61–0.67 (0.65 ± 0.03)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Hind tarsomere I</th><td>0.13–0.14 (0.14 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.14–0.15 (0.15 ± 0.01)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Hind tarsomere II</th><td>0.14–0.16 (0.15 ± 0.01)</td><td>0.16–0.17 (0.17 ± 0.00)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>
FIGURE 2 in A new species of the small water strider genus Microvelia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) from the Ryukyus, Japan, with notes on the distribution of M. kyushuensis
FIGURE 2. Living adults of Microvelia minsa sp. nov. A, apterous male; B, apterous female.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of the small water strider genus Microvelia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) from the Ryukyus, Japan, with notes on the distribution of M. kyushuensis
FIGURE 8. Distribution map of Microvelia minsa sp. nov. Yellow circles indicate type localities.
FIGURE 14 in The water striders (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) of Costa Rica: new species, checklist, and new records
FIGURE 14. Collecting records of Trepobatinae within the Costa Rican territory.
FIGURE 13 in The water striders (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) of Costa Rica: new species, checklist, and new records
FIGURE 13. Collecting records of Halobatinae within the Costa Rican territory.
FIGURE 12 in The water striders (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) of Costa Rica: new species, checklist, and new records
FIGURE 12. Collecting records of Gerrinae within the Costa Rican territory.
FIGURE 11 in The water striders (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) of Costa Rica: new species, checklist, and new records
FIGURE 11. Collecting records of Cylindrostethinae within the Costa Rican territory.
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