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FIGURE 2. Cleonini weevils. A in The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes

FIGURE 2. Cleonini weevils. A: Asproparthenis sp.; B–D: Bothynoderes declivis adult (B), larva (C) and pupa (D) in Salsola sp.; E: Cleonis pigra on Carduus sp.; F: Conorhynchus sp.; G: Cyphocleonus sp.; H: Cyphocleonus achates in pupal cell in Centaurea diffusa; I: Eumecops fasciculifer; J: Leucomigus candidatus root gall on Artemisia sp.; K–L: Microcleonus panderi (K) and its habitat (L); M: Pleurocleonus sp.; N: Scaphomorphus vibex; O: Stephanocleonus sp. Localities: A, F, G, I, K–N: Mongolia; B–E, H: Ukraine; O: Kazakhstan. Images and copyright: Badamnyambuu Iderzorig (A, F, G, I, K–N) and Semyon Volovnik (B–E, H).

FIGURE 3 in The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes

FIGURE 3. Representatives of all three Lixinae tribes and two possible Lixinae sister groups sequenced for the molecular analysis. Numbers at each image are specimen's unique sample IDs. Beetle habitus images are to scale.

FIGURE 1 in The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes

FIGURE 1. Rhinocyllini (A) and Lixini (B–O) weevils. A: Rhinocyllus conicus and its exit hole on Centaurea sp.; B: Larinus centaurii larva in Centaurea sp.; C–E: La. vulpes on Echinops sp.; F: Lixus albomarginatus in a pupa cell in Cakile euxina; G: Li. bardanae on Rumex sp.; H: Li. canescens pupae in Crambe sp.; I: Li. cardui on Onopordum acanthium; J: Li. filiformis in a pupal cell in Carduus sp.; K: Li. incanescens larva in Chenopodium urbicum; L: Li. myagri female before ovipositing; M: Li. pulverulentus on Lactuca sp.; N: Exit hole of Li. subtilis on Amaranthus retroflexus; O: giant Lixus sp. Localities: A–H, J–N: Ukraine; I: Russia; O: Madagascar. Images and copyright: Semyon Volovnik (A–H, J–N).

FIGURE 7 in The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes

FIGURE 7. Representatives of the Scaphomorphus clade sequenced for the molecular analysis, in dorsal and lateral views, together with a representative of the genus Lixoglyptus (imaged by Antoine Mantilleri, copyright: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France). Numbers at each image are specimen's unique sample IDs. Percent values in each rectangle indicate statistic support for nested relationships. Lateral image of Lixoglyptus is digitally mirrored.

FIGURE 6 in The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes

FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood tree of monophyletic Lixinae reconstructed by RAxML from the three-fragment concatenated DNA dataset. Numbers at each image are specimen's unique sample IDs. Illustrated terminals are indicated with black arrows. Beetle habitus images are to scale.

FIGURE 4 in The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes

FIGURE 4. Mouthparts of Lixinae and their relatives within the CCCMS clade; ventral view. Labial palpi are enlarged, red arrows point at the proximal seta-bearing (except Sternuchopsis) labial palpomere. Note that the labial palpi of Lepyrus and Liparus are distinctly three-segmented and at least twice longer than the maximal width of the proximal palpomere. Labial palpi of Lixinae and of Sternuchopsis, in contrast, are not longer than the maximal width of the proximal palpomere, while both distal palpomeres are either much shortened, or indistinct.

FIGURE 5 in The first molecular phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Lixinae (Coleoptera Curculionidae) casts doubts on the monophyly of its tribes

FIGURE 5. Maximum likelihood tree of Curculionidae reconstructed by RAxML from the three-fragment concatenated DNA dataset. Monophyletic Lixinae are collapsed; see Fig. 6. Numbers at each image are specimen's unique sample IDs. Illustrated terminals are indicated with black arrows. Beetle habitus images are not to scale.

FIGURE 16 in Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

FIGURE 16. Phylogenetic hypothesis for the species of Rhinusa based on morphological characters only. Characters are weighted using an iterative a posteriori weighting procedure. The diagram is a strict consensus tree derived from 14 shortest trees under the parsimony criterion. Numbers at the internodes show bootstrap support percentages (1000 pseudoreplicates).

FIGURE 19 in Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

FIGURE 19. Host plant preferences of extant species of Rhinusa and inferred evolutionary transitions of host associations mapped onto the strictly morphological equal-weights topology (cf. Fig. 14). The reconstruction suggests that Antirrhineae (Plantaginaceae) are the ancestral hosts for Rhinusa and that the switch to Scrophulariaceae evolved in a single step in the lineage of the R. bipustulata + R. tetra groups. A = Antirrhinum; C = Chaenorhinum; K = Kickxia; L = Linaria; Lo = Lotus L.; M = Misopates; P = Plantago L.; Sc = Scrophularia; Sa = Salix L.; V = Verbascum; Vn = Veronica L.

FIGURES 6–13 in Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

FIGURES 6–13. (6) Rhinusa collina, aedeagus in dorsal view; (7) R. collina, aedeagus in lateral view; (8) R. uncipes, aedeagus in lateral view; (9) R. vestita, aedeagus in dorsal view; (10) R. littorea, spiculum ventrale; (11) R. brondelii, spermatheca; (12) R. linariae, spermatheca; (13) R. asellus, spermatheca. Numbers indicate characters and states. Not drawn to the same scale.

FIGURE 17 in Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

FIGURE 17. One of 46 shortest trees for the species of Rhinusa derived from parsimony analysis of the morphological equal-weights matrix. Character (above) and state (below) distributions are mapped under unambiguous transformation. Black squares indicate unique transformed characters whereas white circles represent homoplasious characters.

FIGURE 15 in Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

FIGURE 15. Phylogenetic hypothesis for the species of Rhinusa based on the combined morphological and host plant information. All characters are equally weighted. The diagram is a strict consensus tree derived from 3128 optimal trees under the parsimony criterion. Numbers at the internodes show bootstrap support percentages (1000 pseudoreplicates).

FIGURE 14 in Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

FIGURE 14. Phylogenetic hypothesis for the species of Rhinusa based on morphological characters only. All characters are equally weighted. The diagram is a strict consensus tree derived from 46 optimal trees under the parsimony criterion. Numbers at the internodes show bootstrap support percentages (1000 pseudoreplicates).

Figure 36. A in Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Figure 36. A, Silvacalles nubilosus (in dorsal view). B, aedeagus in ventral view (left), endophallus (right). C, Ixanthus viscosus Griseb., the host plant of S. nubilosus.

Figures 33–34 in Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Figures 33–34. Sonchiacalles muelleri has the same larval development, the adults show identical breeding behaviour and the larvae and pupae behave in the same way in the chambers (made of latex and agglutinated small stones) at the root neck of, e.g. Tolpis proustii on El Hierro as Madeiracalles pulverosus in the roots of Tolpis succulenta on Madeira.

Figures 25–32. 25–27 in Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Figures 25–32. 25–27, Madeiracalles is distinguished from the Canarian genera by the conspicuously long and slender, capillary bristles on the median lobe of the aedeagus. 28–32, the 'complex' inverse v-shaped structure of the endophallus shows a clearly comprehensible basic pattern and is doubtlessly homologous amongst the species of Madeiracalles.

Figures 2–22 in Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Figures 2–22. Morphological, biological, and ecological comparison of the genera and subgenera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae along with the respective sections of the tree; (TS) = type species. Figures 4E and 5E show a section of the tree that results when 16S sequences for Aeoniacalles aeonisimilis* and Dendroacalles euphorbiacus* are excluded.

Figure 1. A, Bayesian 50 in Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Figure 1. A, Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus for the two analysed mitochondrial genes. Numbers indicate nodal posterior probabilities. The scale shows the expected nucleotide substitutions per site. Abbreviations in parentheses denote subgenus (see text). Genus names in bold indicate new nomenclature. Circles mark colonization events (in black: invasive species). For many Macaronesian species, the respective host plants are depicted. The second page of the tree shows the taxa corresponding to the 'Atlantic clade'. B, chronogram based on relaxed phylogenetic analysis of the two mitochondrial genes, using the uncorrelated lognormal model of substitution rate variation. Numbers next to the nodes indicate mean divergence times (in Myr), with 95% confidence intervals of divergence times depicted as bars at the corresponding nodes. N.B. Although the underlying topology is that delivered by MrBayes, BEAST does not allow polytomies, which it resolves arbitrarily.

Figure 35 in Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Figure 35. Acalles globulipennis and Echinodera pallida: first abdominal sternite clearly longer than the three following (very narrow) segments combined (here vs. Madeiracalles albolineatus: first abdominal sternite maximally as long as the three following sternites combined (second sternite as long as or longer than sternite 3 and 4 combined).

Figures 23–24. 23 in Molecular phylogeny in endemic weevils: revision of the genera of Macaronesian Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Figures 23–24. 23, Canariacalles with rhombic eyes (in lateral view) in comparison with Aeoniacalles. 24, endophallus of Acalles xerampelinus in comparison with Canariacalles alluaudi.