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Figs 75–76. Leptocera spp., wings. 75 in A Review Of The Afrotropical Species Of Leptocera Olivier (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)
Figs 75–76. Leptocera spp., wings. 75 = L. kovacsi DUDA, paralectotype male. 76 = L. erratica, South African form, female
Figs 17–18 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Figs 17–18. Fore wings of species of Chrysopidae: 17 — fore wing of Chrysopa formosa (Brauer, 1850); 18 — fore wing of Chrysopa perla (Linnaeus, 1758).
Fig. 3 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Fig. 3. Fore wing venation: 3a — Myrmeleontidae (Distoleon Banks, 1810); 3b — Ascalaphidae (Libelloides Schaffer, 1763); 3c — Osmylidae (Osmylus Latreille, 1802); 3d — Chrysopidae (Chrysopa Leach, 1815); 3e — Sisyridae (Sisyra Burmeister, 1839); 3f — Mantispidae (Mantispа Illiger in Kugelann, 1798); 3g — Coniopterigidae (Conwentzia Enderlein 1905); 3h — Hemerobiidae (Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758); R — radius, Rs — radial sector, Rt — radial triangular, dc — distal cell between R and Rs, Sc — subcostal vein; trz — tiny inserted veins. arranged between the terminal branches of longitudinal veins.
Figs 4–7 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Figs 4–7. Fore wing venation of Chrysopidae: 4 — Chrysotropia Navás, 1911; 5 — base of fore wing: 5a — Italochrysa Principi. 1946, 5b — Nineta Navas, 1912, 5c — Chrysopa Leach in Brewster, 1815, 5d — Peyerimhoffina Lacroix, 1920; 6 — base of fore wing: 6a —Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995, 6b— Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964, 6c — Cunctochrysa Hölzel, 1970; 7 — fragment of fore wing of Chrysopa Leach, 1815 with setae fringe; M — median vein, im — intramedian cell, m2 — 2nd median cell, m3 — 3rd median cell, r1 — 1st radial cell, r2 — 2nd radial cell, r-m — radial-median vein, Rs — radial sector.
Figs 15–16 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Figs 15–16. Fore wings of species of Chrysopidae: 15 — fore wing of Chrysopa nigricostata (Brauer, 1850); 16 — fore wing of Chrysopa abbreviata (Curtis, 1834).
Figs 10–11 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Figs 10–11. Fore wings of species of Chrysopidae: 10 — fore wing of Chrysopa dorsalis (Burmeister, 1839); 11 — fore wing of Chrysopa hummeli Tjeder, 1936.
Fig. 2 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Fig. 2. Comparative diagram of the indices of the ratio of structures of the fore wing for the species of the genus Chrysopa from the Ukrainian Carpathians: Chrysopa from the Ukrainian Carpathians.
Figs 8–9 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Figs 8–9. Fore wings of species of Chrysopidae: 8 — fore wing of Chrysopa walkeri (McLachlan, 1893); 9 — fore wing of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838).
Fig. 1 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Fig. 1. General scheme for wing venation in Chrysopidae (legend on the FIgure): Psm — pseudomedian vein, Psc — pseudocubitus, ini — intramedian cell, G1 — gradiformes internal, GE — gradiformes exstemal, cv — cross veins of costal sector, pt — pterostigma.
Figs 12–14 in Morphometry Of Fore Wing Venation For Identification Of Net-Winged Insects Of The Ukrainian Carpathians, With A Focus On Chrysopa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Figs 12–14. Fore wings of species of Chrysopidae: 12 — fore wing of Chrysopa viridana (Schneider, 1845); 13— fore wing of Chrysopa hungarica Klapalek, 1899; 14 — fore wing of Chrysopa phyllochroma (Wesmael, 1841).
Fig. 2 in Comparative Aspects Of The Morphogenesis And Morphology Of The Wing Membranes Of Bats (Сhiroptera) And Flying Lemurs (Dermoptera)
Fig. 2. Hand and wing membrane of embryo Cynocephalus variegatus, stage 20. Longitudinal sections. The right forearm. А, D, E, F — x400; B, C — x1000: А — longitudinal (below) and cross-section (from above) of the propatagium skin; B, C — the muscle tubes in the plagiopatagium skin; D — the two row of muscle tubes in the plagiopatagium skin; E, F — the chiropatagium skin. Epidermis (ЕPD), undifferentiated mesenchyme (М), blood vessel and blood capillaries (V and CAP), muscle tubes (MT), muscles (MUS), rudiments of digits I (I) and II (II); IV (IV) and V (V).Stained with Mallory's trichrome.
Fig. 1 in Comparative Aspects Of The Morphogenesis And Morphology Of The Wing Membranes Of Bats (Сhiroptera) And Flying Lemurs (Dermoptera)
Fig. 1. Hand and wing membrane of bats embryos. А, B, C — x400; D — x1000: А — embryo Myotis blythii stage 18. Longitudinal section. The left forelimb bud with metacarpals rudiments: mesenchymal condensations of metacarpal rudiments (Mc), undifferentiated mesenchime (M), epidermis (EPD). Stained with Ehrlich's hematoxylin and eosin; В — embryo Rhinolophus hipposideros stage 20. Cross-section. The wing membrain (uropatagium). The centre of hemopoiesis (G), epidermis (ЕPD), undifferentiated mesenchyme (М), blood vessels (V). Stained with Mallory's trichrome; C — embryo Myotis blythii stage 19. Longitudinal section. The right forearm. Metacarpal rudiments (Mc), digits rudiments (II III, IV, V), epidermis (ЕPD), undifferentiated mesenchyme (М), blood vessels (V). Stained with Ehrlich's hematoxylin and eosin; D — embryo Myotis blythii stage 22. Cross-section of the plagiopatagium skin. The centre of hemopoiesis (G), mesenchyme (М), epidermis (ЕPD). Stained with Ehrlich's hematoxylin and eosin.
The broken-wing display across birds and the conditions for its evolution
<p>The broken-wing display is a well-known and conspicuous deceptive signal used to protect birds' broods against diurnal terrestrial predators. Although commonly associated with shorebirds, it remains unknown how common the behaviour is across birds and what forces are associated with the evolution of the display. Here, we use the broken-wing display as a paradigmatic example to study the evolution of a behaviour across Aves. We show that the display is widespread: it has been described in 52 families spread throughout the phylogeny, suggesting that it independently evolved multiple times. Further, we evaluated the association with sixteen ecological and life-history variables hypothesized to be related to the evolution of the broken-wing display. Eight variables were associated with the display. We found that species breeding farther from the equator, in more dense environments, with shorter incubation periods and relatively little nest cover were more likely to perform the display, as were those in which only one parent incubates eggs, species that mob nest predators and species that are altricial or multi-brooded. Collectively, our comprehensive approach identified forces associated with the repeated evolution of this conspicuous display, thereby providing new insights into how deceptive behaviours evolve in the context of predator-prey interactions.</p>
Photoperiod controls wing polyphenism in a water strider independently of insulin receptor signaling
Insect wing polyphenism has evolved as an adaptation to changing environments and a growing body of research suggests that the nutrient sensing insulin receptor signaling pathway is a hot spot for the evolution of polyphenisms, as it provides a direct link between increased growth and the available nutrients in the environment. However, little is known about the role of insulin receptor signaling in polyphenisms which are controlled by seasonal variation in photoperiod. Here, we demonstrate that wing length polyphenism in the water strider Gerris buenoi is determined by photoperiod and nymphal density, but not by nutrient availability. Exposure to a long-day photoperiod is highly inducive of the short-winged morph whereas high nymphal densities moderately promote development of long wings. Using RNA interference we demonstrate that, unlike in several other species where wing polyphenism is controlled by nutrition, there is no detectable role of insulin receptor signaling in wing morph induction. Our results indicate that the multitude of possible cues that trigger wing polyphenism can be mediated through multiple genetic pathways in insects.
Figs 11–24 in Soft-winged flower beetles (Coleoptera: Malachiidae) of the United Arab Emirates
Figs 11–24. Tonycolotes kovari (Švihla, 1987) gen. et. comb. nov., ♂ (SCH_ISEA). 11. External appearance, dorsal view. 12. External appearance, lateral view. 13. Head and pronotum, subdorsal view. 14. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 15. Right antenna. 16–18. Scapus in different positions. 19. Left palp. 20. Left anterior leg. 21. Pygidium. 22. Ultimate abdominal ventrite. 23. Aedeagus, lateral view. 24. Tegmen. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figs 1–10 in Soft-winged flower beetles (Coleoptera: Malachiidae) of the United Arab Emirates
Figs 1–10. Tonyattalus vanharteni gen. et sp. nov., holotype (SCH_ISEA_000133), ♂ (1–8), ♀ (9– 10). 1, 9. External appearance, dorsal view. 2, 10. External appearance, lateral view. 3. Left antenna. 4. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 5. Left anterior tarsus. 6. Pygidium. 7. Ultimate abdominal ventrite. 8. Aedeagus, and tegmen, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Pea aphid winged and wingless males exhibit reproductive, gene expression, and lipid metabolism differences
<p><span>Alternative, intraspecific phenotypes offer an opportunity to identify the mechanistic basis of differences associated with distinctive life-history strategies. Wing dimorphic insects, in which both flight-capable and flight-incapable individuals occur in the same population, are particularly well-studied in terms of why and how the morphs trade-off flight for reproduction. Yet despite a wealth of studies examining the differences between female morphs, little is known about male differences, which could arise from different causes than those acting on females. Here we examined reproductive, gene expression, and biochemical differences between pea aphid (<em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em>) winged and wingless males. We find that winged males are competitively superior in one-on-one mating circumstances, but wingless males reach reproductive maturity faster and have larger testes. We suggest that males </span><span>tradeoff increased local matings with concurrent possible inbreeding for outbreeding and increased ability to find mates. At the mechanistic level, differential gene expression between the morphs revealed a possible role for activin and insulin signaling in morph differences; it also highlighted genes not previously identified as being functionally important in wing polymorphism, such as genes likely involved in sperm production. Further, we find that winged males have higher lipid levels, consistent with their use as flight fuel, but we find no consistent patterns of different levels of activity among five enzymes associated with lipid biosynthesis. Overall, our analyses provide evidence that winged versus wingless males exhibit differences at the reproductive, biochemical, and gene expression levels, expanding the field's understanding of the functional aspects of morph differences.</span></p>
Data and code for Zheng et al. Contrasting coloured ventral wings are a visual collision avoidance signal in birds
<p>This repository contains codes and data for Zheng et al. Contrasting coloured ventral wings are a visual collision avoidance signal in birds. We have three folders, each containing one of the three datasets of contrast scores of avian ventral wings. These include the mean manual contrast ventral wing scores for 1780 species, a subset of 1745 diurnal species, 648 species with high-resolution museum ventral images, and the mean Root-Mean-Square (RMS) contrast ventral wing scores for the same 648 species. We tested the collision avoidance hypothesis for each dataset by assessing the relationships between the contrast scores and ecological traits. We used the Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Models in MCMCglmm with considering the phylogenetic relatedness among species and the uncertainties of 100 phylogenetic trees (downloaded in birdtree.org). We included body mass, flock size, coloniality (colonial vs. non-colonial breeding species), activity time (nocturnal vs. diurnal), the number of sympatric predators, and the interaction between coloniality and body mass as the predictors. In each folder, we included four files, including an R source file, a dataset containing the contrast scores and the ecological traits of the corresponding species, and a tree file containing 100 randomly sampled phylogenetic trees among these species. See the Methods of the paper for detail. </p>
Figs 7-9. Anypodetus species, wing venation. 7. A in Afrotropical Asilidae (Diptera) 32. A Revision Of Anypodetus Hermann, 1907 With The Description Of Three New Species (Laphriinae)
Figs 7-9. Anypodetus species, wing venation. 7. A. fascipennsis Engel (Willowmore ♀). 8. A. nigrifacies Ricardo (Mkuzi ♂). 9. A. leucothrix sp. n.(holotype). Scale lines = 1 mm.
Photo Arrival of the spitfire wing
<p>Photo Arrival of the spitfire wing at Arc'Antique (Nantes, France)</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.