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1,153 results for “Fern”
The relationship between chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns: Evidence from an evolutionary approach
<p>Approximately 14% of all fern species have physiologically active chlorophyllous spores that are much more short-lived than the usual and dormant achlorophyllous spores. Most chlorophyllous-spored species (70%) are epiphytes, and these account for almost 37% of all epiphytic ferns. Chlorophyllous-spored ferns are also overrepresented among species in habitats with waterlogged soils, of which nearly 60% have chlorophyllous spores. Ferns in these disparate habitat types are also united by a low incidence of mycorrhizal associations. We, therefore, hypothesize that autotrophic chlorophyllous spores represent an adaptation of ferns to habitats with scarce mycorrhizal associations. We evaluated the evolution of chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns and their relation to habitat type using phylogenetic comparative methods. We found that chlorophyllous spores and the absence of mycorrhizal associations are strongly associated with epiphytic and waterlogged habitats. Transition rates to epiphytic and waterlogged habitats are 200-fold higher in species with chlorophyllous spores compared to achlorophyllous lineages. Spore type and mycorrhizal associations appear to play important roles in the radiation of ferns into different habitat types. Future work should focus on clarifying the functional significance of these associations.</p>
FIGURE 3. Asplenium coronatum spores with a in Asplenium coronatum (Aspleniaceae), a new fern species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 3. Asplenium coronatum spores with a cristate-alate perispore and echinulate folds and areolas (Lino s.n., RFA).—A–B. Equatorial view—C. Details of folds and areolas (photos by Atiles Reis). Bars = 10 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Asplenium coronatum (Aspleniaceae), a new fern species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 2. Asplenium coronatum.—Habit and habitat in Monumento Natural dos Morros do Pão de Açúcar e Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A. Habit B. Proliferous apex (photos by Atiles Reis).
FIGURE 1. Asplenium coronatum.—A in Asplenium coronatum (Aspleniaceae), a new fern species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 1. Asplenium coronatum.—A. General appearance of the sporophyte. B. Laminae details showing the sori, veins and margin ornamentation. C. Stem scale. (Drawn from Reis et al. 90, holotype RB, by Paula Viana Leonardo)
FIGURE 8. Polystichum articulatipilosum H. G. Zhou & Hua Li.—A, B in Cyrtomium calcis sp. nov. and six new records of the shield fern family (Dryopteridaceae) from Vietnam
FIGURE 8. Polystichum articulatipilosum H. G. Zhou & Hua Li.—A, B. Habitat & habit.—C. Adaxial view of plant.—D. Abaxial view of frond showing dense articulate hairs.—E. A few plants.
FIGURE 7 in Cyrtomium calcis sp. nov. and six new records of the shield fern family (Dryopteridaceae) from Vietnam
FIGURE 7. Arachniodes nigrospinosa (Ching) Ching.—A. Fronds.—B. Portion of rhizome and petiole showing broad-lanceolate and coal-black scales.—C. Abaxial view of portion of lamina showing pinnules and soral positions.—D. Abaxial view of frond.—E. Spore morphology (A–D. photo credits: Cheng-Wei Chen and Ping-Fong Lu).
FIGURE 6 in Cyrtomium calcis sp. nov. and six new records of the shield fern family (Dryopteridaceae) from Vietnam
FIGURE 6. Arachniodes globisora (Hayata) Ching.—A. Upper portion of lamina showing lamina apex.—B. Lower portion of plant showing reddish brown, thin, and soft scales on rhizome.—C, D. Abaxial views of pinnae.—E. Adaxial view of lamina.—F. Lower portion of lamina and portion of petiole.
FIGURE 5. Arachniodes fengii Ching.—A, B in Cyrtomium calcis sp. nov. and six new records of the shield fern family (Dryopteridaceae) from Vietnam
FIGURE 5. Arachniodes fengii Ching.—A, B. Lower portions of petioles showing reddish-brown, hairlike, and soft scales.—C. Lower portion of lamina showing the basalmost pinnae.—D. Abaxial view of sterile pinna.—E. Spore morphology.
FIGURE 2 in Cyrtomium calcis sp. nov. and six new records of the shield fern family (Dryopteridaceae) from Vietnam
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny showing the phylogeny of the Cyrtomium calcis based on three plastid markers (rbcL, trnL, trnL-F).
FIGURE 1. Cyrtomium calcis Liang Zhang, N.T in Cyrtomium calcis sp. nov. and six new records of the shield fern family (Dryopteridaceae) from Vietnam
FIGURE 1. Cyrtomium calcis Liang Zhang, N.T. Lu & Li Bing Zhang.—A. Habit.—B. Abaxial views of fertile fronds.—C. Pinna showing microscales and sori.—D. Portion of lamina showing rachis scales.—E. Lower portion of plant showing dense petiole scales.—F. Scales from base stipe.—G. Dentate indusia.—H. Spore.—K. Sporangium with spores.
Tectaria danangensis (Tectariaceae), a new fern species from Vietnam
<div>A new fern species, <em>Tectaria</em> <em>danangensis</em> (Tectariaceae) is described and illustrated from Vietnam, which had long been misreported as <em>T</em>. <em>crenata</em>. The new species somewhat resembles <em>T</em>. <em>poilanei</em>, a species long neglected in the fern flora of Indochina, in the frond shape and sori arrangement but differs by its sori irregularly in two rows (versus regularly 2-rowed, distantly and evenly arranged) between lateral veins of pinnae, fronds being more or less dimorphic (versus monomorphic), and basal pinnae each having a base-joined (versus free) branch. Phylogenetic analyses of selected sequences of cpDNA suggested <em>T</em>. <em>danangensis</em> has close affinity to <em>T</em>. <em>harlandii</em>. <em>Tectaria</em> <em>danangensis</em> appears to be an intermediate species between <em>T</em>. <em>harlandii</em> and <em>T</em>. <em>poilanei</em>.</div>
FIGURE 4. Leptochilus ornithopus T. Fujiw. & B.H. Quang. A in Leptochilus ornithopus (Polypodiaceae), a new hemiepiphytic fern species from central highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 4. Leptochilus ornithopus T. Fujiw. & B.H. Quang. A. Habitus; B. Rhizome scales; C. Scale on stipe (Drawn from Oguri et al. V10634 by T. Fujiwara).
FIGURE 1 in Leptochilus ornithopus (Polypodiaceae), a new hemiepiphytic fern species from central highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 1. The best ML tree of Leptochilus based on sequences of rbcL, atpB-rbcL, rps4-trnS, and trnL-F. Numbers on each branch indicate support values in the order of ML bootstrap value (MLBS) / BI posterior probability (BIPP). Asterisk and dash (–) signify MLBS = 100 or BIPP = 1.0, and MLBS <50% or BIPP <0.5, respectively. The bold branches are the ones with high support values with> 80% of ML bootstrap value and> 0.99 of BI posterior probability.
FIGURE 2 in Leptochilus ornithopus (Polypodiaceae), a new hemiepiphytic fern species from central highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 2. Sporophytes of Leptochilus ornithopus T. Fujiw. & B.H. Quang. A. Sporeling showing true epiphytic habitat; B. Young sporophyte; C. Mature sporophyte; D. Creeping rhizome with clasping roots; E. feeding roots extending towards terrestrial floor, F. Habit of plant detached from soil. Red arrows indicate branching roots contacting the mineral soil; G. Young sporophyte on terrestrial floor.
FIGURE 3. Leptochilus ornithopus T. Fujiw. & B.H. Quang. A in Leptochilus ornithopus (Polypodiaceae), a new hemiepiphytic fern species from central highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 3. Leptochilus ornithopus T. Fujiw. & B.H. Quang. A. Plant; B. Part of lamina in abaxial view, showing sori; C. Rhizome and stipes; D. Plant climbing tree trunk; E. Habitat. Photos A–C from Oguri et al. V10634, D from Quang et al. BHQ801.
FIGURE 2. Polystichum kuankuoshuiense.—A. Habit.—B in Polystichum kuankuoshuiense (sect. Sphaenopolystichum, Dryopteridaceae), a new fern from Guizhou, China
FIGURE 2. Polystichum kuankuoshuiense.—A. Habit.—B. Portion of rachis and petiole showing scale.—C. Portion of rachis with pinna.—D. Petiole scale.—E. Petiole scale.—F. Microscale on abaxial surface of pinna (Drawn by Sha Yang and Shuang Chen on the holotype).
FIGURE 3 in Polystichum kuankuoshuiense (sect. Sphaenopolystichum, Dryopteridaceae), a new fern from Guizhou, China
FIGURE 3. Polystichum kuankuoshuiense. Lower portion of plant showing numerous proliferous bulbils of the strong and thick rhizome (3–5 cm long, ca. 3 cm in diam.).
FIGURE 1. Polystichum kuankuoshuiense.—A in Polystichum kuankuoshuiense (sect. Sphaenopolystichum, Dryopteridaceae), a new fern from Guizhou, China
FIGURE 1. Polystichum kuankuoshuiense.—A. Plants in field.—B. Plants in garden.—C. Adaxial and abaxial lamina.—D. Portion of adaxial and abaxial lamina.—E. Portion of adaxial rachis and abaxial petiole.—F. Rhizome and roots.—G. Petiole scale.—H. Rachis scale.—I. Microscale on abaxial surface of pinna.
FIGURE 2 in Hymenasplenium hovenkampii (Aspleniaceae), a new bipinnatisect fern species from Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia
FIGURE 2. Hymenasplenium hovenkampii sp. nov.—A. Enlarged portion of laminae (some sori distributed in the pinnae are indicated by white arrows).—B. Fronds showing that the pinnae are lobed to the costa.
FIGURE 1 in Hymenasplenium hovenkampii (Aspleniaceae), a new bipinnatisect fern species from Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia
FIGURE 1. Hymenasplenium hovenkampii sp. nov.—A. Holotype.—B. Middle portion of lamina (Drawn by Ke-Wang Xu based on the type).
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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