Find research datasets worth reusing

Supplementary material 13 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774

Supplementary material 13 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774

Supplementary material 12 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774

Supplementary material 12 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774

Supplementary material 1 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774

Supplementary material 1 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774

Supplementary material 10 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774

Maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from psbA–rps19–trnH sequence data : Explanation note: ML bootstrap support is recorded along branches. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50%.

FIGURE 7 in Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) and Panagrolaimus leperisini (Nematoda: Rhabditida) found associated with grass seeds in the Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa

FIGURE 7. Panagrolaimus leperisini, female (A–E). A–B: Anterior region; C: Reproductive system; D-E: Tail region. Male, F: Tail region showing spicules and gubernaculum.

FIGURE 6. Aphelenchoides spicomucronatus female. A in Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) and Panagrolaimus leperisini (Nematoda: Rhabditida) found associated with grass seeds in the Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa

FIGURE 6. Aphelenchoides spicomucronatus female. A: Anterior end of reproductive system showing arrangement of oocytes; B: Genital tract with arrow indicating spermatheca with sperm cells; C: Tail region; D: Vulval region showing postvulval uterine sac.

FIGURE 3. Aphelenchoides rutgersi, female. A in Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) and Panagrolaimus leperisini (Nematoda: Rhabditida) found associated with grass seeds in the Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa

FIGURE 3. Aphelenchoides rutgersi, female. A: Anterior region; B: Anterior end of reproductive system showing arrangement of oocytes C: Vulval region showing post-vulval uterine sac D: Lateral field at mid-body; E–G: Tail region.

FIGURE 5. Aphelenchoides spicomucronatus female. A in Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) and Panagrolaimus leperisini (Nematoda: Rhabditida) found associated with grass seeds in the Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa

FIGURE 5. Aphelenchoides spicomucronatus female. A: Anterior region; B: Lateral field at mid-body; C: Tail region; D: Anterior end of reproductive system showing arrangement of oocytes; E: Vulval region showing post-vulval uterine sac.

FIGURE 4. Aphelenchoides rutgersi, female. A in Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) and Panagrolaimus leperisini (Nematoda: Rhabditida) found associated with grass seeds in the Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa

FIGURE 4. Aphelenchoides rutgersi, female. A: Vulval region showing spermatheca with arrows indicating sperm cells; and post-vulval uterine sac; B: Tail region.

FIGURE 2 in Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) and Panagrolaimus leperisini (Nematoda: Rhabditida) found associated with grass seeds in the Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa

FIGURE 2. Aphelenchoides lichenicola. Female (A–C & E), A: Genital tract with arrow indicating spermatheca with sperm cells; B: Tail region; C: Vulval region showing post-vulval uterine sac; E: Anterior end of reproductive system showing arrangement of oocytes; Male, D: Tail region showing spicule.

FIGURE 1 in Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) and Panagrolaimus leperisini (Nematoda: Rhabditida) found associated with grass seeds in the Telperion Nature Reserve, South Africa

FIGURE 1. Aphelenchoides lichenicola. Female (C–G), C: Tail region; D: Lateral field at mid-body; E: Anterior region; F: Anterior end of reproductive system showing arrangement of oocytes; G: Vulval region showing post-vulval uterine sac. Male (A–B), A: Anterior region; B: Tail region showing spicule.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Secondary compounds increase litter removal by termites across 23 savanna grass species

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

FIGURE 30 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 30. Generalised map of central and northeastern Australia showing the distributions of the described Heremusina n. gen. and Xeropsalta n. gen. species, as in Fig. 8, compared to the geography of selected river systems of inland Australia. The more heavily dotted lines show the systems draining towards the Lake Eyre Basin; the finely dotted lines of the rivers systems of the southeastern area of the Northern Territory are internally draining, not reaching beyond the State boundaries, while the river systems of northern and eastern Queensland, northern Northern Territory and NSW drain into the surrounding oceans.

FIGURE 24 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 24. Comparison of Xeropsalta aridula n. sp. song echemes in respect to: (A), waveform plot showing temporal structures; (B), spectrogram showing a dominant frequency band between approximately 7–11 kHz, with no frequency change during song emission; (C), amplitude spectra of complete phrase and the contained echemes, showing a relatively restricted band of emission between 6.6–10.5 kHz, with the dominant frequency estimated to be 8.6 kHz.

FIGURE 21 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 21. Comparison of two additional sets of Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp. calling songs from the Simpson and Strzelecki Deserts, central Australia (recorded by D.C. Marshall). (A), recording code 09.AU.NS.WGS.T03, Strzelecki Desert track, 30 km north of Tibooburra, northwestern corner of N.S.W. One complete song phrase, showing the initial sequence of repeated isolated syllables/macrosyllables, initially single syllables, increasing to sets of 4 coalesced syllables. At approximately 1.2 s, the macrosyllables are followed by repeated echemes, comprising 8 reducing to 4 macrosyllables, the echeme RR increasing from 2.3 to 4.4 Hz during song emission, the macrosyllable RR relatively stable at 23 Hz. Note is made of the decreasing lengths of the initial macrosyllables in the initial three echemes. The final two macrosyllables in each echeme are doublets. Amplitude spectra (not shown) indicate a clearly defined peak with dominant frequency at 10.0 kHz, and bandwidth of 3.6 kHz. (B), recording location and code as in Fig. 21A, time expanded segment of a single macrosyllable (location indicated in Fig. 21A at 3.0 s, by open bracket), showing three syllables, each with the characteristic 6 dominant pulses, the individual syllable durations ranging between 7–7.3 ms. The dominant pulses exhibit small following secondary pulses which are interpreted as 'OUT' pulses produced by relaxation of the timbals. (C), field recording, recording code 1034-Cooper-Ck-2015, Birdsville Track, southwest end of Lake Killamperpunna. Waveform plot of junction between two song phrases, effectively joined by the sequence of repeated isolated macrosyllables, these typically marking the start of a phrase. Fig. 21D shows the following full song phrase. (D), recording details as in Fig. C. The complete song phrase (9.8 s). The first 2 s comprise repeated isolated macrosyllables, these initially with 3–4, increasing to 6 syllables. After 2 s, the song components aggregate into repeated echemes, each with 5–6 discrete macrosyllables, the numbers listed above each echeme. The initial macrosyllables of the first nine echemes are relatively broad, 173–95 ms durations. All remaining macrosyllables in all echemes are more constant in widths, ranging between 64–26 ms (mean 40 ms). The echeme RR slowly increases during the song. Amplitude spectra (not shown) indicate a clearly defined peak with dominant frequency at 9.4 kHz, and bandwidth of 3.8 kHz. (E), Time expanded waveform of the final seven echemes in the song shown in Fig. D above, these showing the discrete macrosyllables, the final two in each echeme are doublets. the syllable durations within the macrosyllables range between 7.0–8.1 ms, each syllable comprised of 6 pulses (cf. Fig A above).

FIGURE 27 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 27. Comparisons of Xeropsalta rattrayi n. sp. song in terms of: (A), waveform echeme structures; (B), spectrogram, showing a dominant frequency band between approximately 5–14 kHz, with no frequency variation during song emission; (C), amplitude spectra showing a clearly defined, and relatively narrow dominant frequency envelope between 7.2–10.7 kHz, and inferred dominant frequency of 9.0 kHz.

FIGURE 20 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 20. Comparison of the above X. thomsoni n. sp. song in terms of: (A), waveform plot showing the temporal structures; (B), spectrogram, showing a dominant frequency band between approximately 6.6–10.5 kHz, with no change of frequencies during the song; (C), amplitude spectra showing the clearly defined, and relatively narrow frequency band between 8.2–11.4 kHz, with the inferred dominant frequency centered at 9.7 kHz.

FIGURE 18. Xeropsalta thomsoni n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 18. Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp. (A) to (D), waveform plots of field recording, in open net, from the Thomson River flood plain, 130 km S. W. of Longreach (Noonbah Station), western Queensland. Fig. 18A, complete phrase, starting as relatively tightly compacted sets of pulses extending to ~3 s, after which they progressively open up between 3–4 sec, thereafter forming repeated, well defined echemes continuing to the end of song. The mean echeme RR is 3.6 Hz. Fig. 18B, shows the initial 700 ms of song, showing initial sets of isolated pulse doublets extending to about 200 ms, after which the pulse doublets progressively coalesce into discrete macrosyllables, each comprised of 6 pulses. Fig. 18C, between about 2–3.5 s into the song, there is a progressive merging of the macrosyllables leading into the initial phase of the rearrangement of the song into echemes. These are comprised of sets of triplet syllables (forming macrosyllables) enclosed by short echemes comprised from 5–16 sets of merged triplet syllables. At approximately 4 s into the songs, these develop into the discrete and repeated macrosyllables, occurring throughout the remainder of the song. Fig. D, the final 8 echemes of the song phrase are shown in detail. Each echeme comprises 4–9 discrete (separated) macrosyllables, these each comprised two (more rarely 3) syllables, excepting the two final macrosyllables which are almost fused, each with 5 to 6 syllables. Each syllable comprises 6 pulses, with pulse PRR of 885–1075 Hz. Mean macrosyllable RR (excluding the final two in each echeme) are 38–42 Hz, and the echeme RR are 3.6 Hz. Fig. 18E, song of X. thomsoni from Birdsville, southwestern corner of Queensland, recorded on the Diamantina River flood plain. The structure of the song is very close to that of the Thomson R. specimens, the only significant difference being the consistently slightly lower pulse, syllable, macrosyllable and echeme RR, possibly temperature related (recording by L.W. Popple; compare also Fig. 21). Filtered A to D 3kHz; E to 5 kHz.

FIGURE 17 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 17. Comparison of Heremusina pipatio n. sp. songs in relation to; (A) waveform plot showing temporal pulses structures; (B), spectrogram, showing a dominant frequency band between ~10 to 18 kHz, without significant frequency shift during the song; and (C), amplitude spectra showing the clearly developed frequency envelope between 10.7–18 kHz, with the dominant frequency estimated at 14.0 kHz, located at the low amplitude centre of the frequency envelope. Filtered to 1 kHz.

FIGURE 16. Heremusina pipatio n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 16. Heremusina pipatio n. sp. song, field recording from ~15 km N. of Cloncurry, N.W. Queensland. Fig. 16A is a waveform overview showing the structure of the echemes which comprise sets of closely spaced single pulse emissions, without any isolated single pulses at the start of each echeme (except at the beginning of a new song sequence, as shown in this segment). Each echeme is followed with an isolated single pulse. The echeme durations (52–63 ms) are clearly shorter than those of H. udeoecetes n. sp., and the resulting echeme repetition rates therefore higher (9.2–10.7 Hz). Pulse repetition rates within the echemes range between 180–225 (mean 207) Hz. Fig. 16B, C, time expanded waveform plot of a single echeme, and the following isolated pulse, showing the pulses to be single pulses, presumably emitted by the alternation of the timbal contractions; Fig. 16C, D, higher resolution, time expanded waveform and envelope plots of three echeme pulses showing the initial high amplitude peaks immediately followed, without a gap, by weaker peaks, inferred as ribs 2–5 emissions. Well developed, isolated secondary peaks (marked as 'S') occur 1.7 ms following the preceding main peaks, these inferred to be secondary, relaxation ('OUT') pulses of the timbals. Filtered to 1 kHz.