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Figure 2 in Macadamia Felted Coccid, Eriococcus ironsidei: Biology and Life Cycle in Hawaii
Figure 2. Female sac turned over to expose constricted female body and eggs (left), and first instar crawlers (right, magnified in inset).
Figs. 1–4. Electrovermis zappum Warren and Bullard n. gen., n in First elucidation of a blood fluke (Electrovermis zappum n. gen., n. sp.) life cycle including a chondrichthyan or bivalve
Figs. 1–4. Electrovermis zappum Warren and Bullard n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infecting the heart of the lesser electric ray, Narcine bancroftii (Griffith and Smith, 1834) Carvalho, 2001 (Torpediniformes: Narcinidae) (1) Body of shistosomulum (voucher, USNM No. 1578577), ventral view. (2) Body of shistosomulum (larger) Voucher (USNM No. 1578576), ventral view. (3) Body of adult (holotype, USNM No. 1578574), ventral view. (4) Genitalia of holotype, ventral view. Oesophagus (es), oesophageal gland (eg), caecal bifurcation (cb), mouth (mo), vitellarium (vit), testis (t), ovary (o), vas deferens (vd), seminal vesicle (sv), common genital pore (cgp), uterus (u), and cirrus (c), uterine seminal receptacle (usr), and uterine constriction (uc).
Fig. 23 in First elucidation of a blood fluke (Electrovermis zappum n. gen., n. sp.) life cycle including a chondrichthyan or bivalve
Fig. 23. Phylogenetic relationships of chondrichthyan blood flukes and innominate cercariae reconstructed using Bayesian inference with the large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S) gene. Numbers aside tree nodes indicate posterior probability. Scale bar is in substitutions per site.
Figure 1 in Life cycle and morphometric analysis of nymphs of Cynodonmiris corpoicanus Ferreira & Barreto, 2013 (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Figure 1. Damage caused by Cynodonmiris corpoicanus in oat leaves / Daño causado por Cynodonmiris corpoicanus en hojas de avena.
Figure 6 in Ecology and life cycle of the filter-feeding Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in an irrigation canal, central Thailand
Figure 6. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of larval instars of Amphipsyche meridiana, sampling dates and environmental variables in an irrigation pond outlet. Seven environmental variables: SO 3-, sulfate; DO, 4 dissolved oxygen; pH, NH3-N, ammonia-nitrogen; WT, water temperature; Density; Water depth.
Figure 1 in Ecology and life cycle of the filter-feeding Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in an irrigation canal, central Thailand
Figure 1. The study site was an irrigation canal (a), where caddisfly larvae (b, black arrow) live in a dead snail shell, and the adult phase (c, red arrow) was captured using light traps (d).
Figure 2 in Ecology and life cycle of the filter-feeding Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in an irrigation canal, central Thailand
Figure 2. Larva of Amphipsyche meridiana: a) larva, right lateral view; b), head, dorsal view; c), head, ventral view.
NETPs Life Cycle Inventories
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Effects of complex life cycles on genetic diversity: cyclical parthenogenesis
Neutral patterns of population genetic diversity in species with complex life cycles are difficult to anticipate. Cyclical parthenogenesis (CP), in which organisms undergo several rounds of clonal reproduction followed by a sexual event, is one such life cycle. Many species, including crop pests (aphids), human parasites (trematodes) or models used in evolutionary science (Daphnia), are cyclical parthenogens. It is therefore crucial to understand the impact of such a life cycle on neutral genetic diversity. In this paper, we describe distributions of genetic diversity under conditions of CP with various clonal phase lengths. Using a Markov chain model of CP for a single locus and individual-based simulations for two loci, our analysis first demonstrates that strong departures from full sexuality are observed after only a few generations of clonality. The convergence towards predictions made under conditions of full clonality during the clonal phase depends on the balance between mutations and genetic drift. Second, the sexual event of CP usually resets the genetic diversity at a single locus towards predictions made under full sexuality. However, this single recombination event is insufficient to reshuffle gametic phases towards full-sexuality predictions. Finally, for similar levels of clonality, CP and acyclic partial clonality (wherein a fixed proportion of individuals are clonally produced within each generation) differentially affect the distribution of genetic diversity. Overall, this work provides solid predictions of neutral genetic diversity that may serve as a null model in detecting the action of common evolutionary or demographic processes in cyclical parthenogens (for example, selection or bottlenecks).
Data from: Evolutionary consequence of a change in life cycle complexity: a link between precocious development and evolution towards female-biased sex allocation in a hermaphroditic parasite
The evolutionary consequences of changes in the complex life cycles of parasites are not limited to the traits that directly affect transmission. For instance, mating systems that are altered due to precocious sexual maturation in what is typically regarded as an intermediate host may impact opportunities for outcrossing. In turn, reproductive traits may evolve to optimize sex allocation. Here we test the hypothesis that sex allocation evolved towards a more female-biased function in populations of the hermaphroditic digenean trematode Alloglossidium progeneticum that can precociously reproduce in their second hosts. In these precocious populations, parasites are forced to self-fertilize as they remain encysted in their second hosts. In contrast, parasites in obligate 3-host populations have more opportunities to outcross in their third host. We found strong support that in populations with precocious development, allocation to male resources was greatly reduced. We also identified a potential phenotypically plastic response in a body size-sex allocation relationship that may be driven by the competition for mates. These results emphasize how changes in life cycle patterns that alter mating systems can impact the evolution of reproductive traits in parasites.
Figure 2 in Polygyny, oviposition, life cycle and longevity of the three subspecies of leaf-cutting ants, Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Figure 2. Survival curves of three subspecies of the Acromyrmex subterraneus complex.
Figure 2 in Life cycle and population structure of the terrestrial isopod Hemilepistus klugii (Brandt, 1833) (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in Iran
Figure 2. Mean population density/m2 in Hemilepistus klugii from Varamin in the years 2008– 2009.
Figure 5 in Life cycle and population structure of the terrestrial isopod Hemilepistus klugii (Brandt, 1833) (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in Iran
Figure 5. Monthly sex ratio in Hemilepistus klugii from Varamin during the sampling period.
Figure 7 in The life-cycle of Hemigalichus chrotogale sp. nov. (Acari: Listrophoridae), with comparative observations on listrophorid morphology
Figure 7. Hemigalichus chrotogale sp. nov., female. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) spermatheca. Abbreviations: b.c., basal cap; br.c., bursa copulatrix; i. c., inseminatory canal; o, ovipore; s.d., sperm duct. Scale bars: 100 mm (A, B); 50 mm (C).
Figure 5 in The life-cycle of Hemigalichus chrotogale sp. nov. (Acari: Listrophoridae), with comparative observations on listrophorid morphology
Figure 5. Hemigalichus chrotogale sp. nov., details of homeomorphic male. (A) Chelicera in lateral view; (B) gnathosoma; (C) genital organ; (D–G) legs I–IV in ventral view, respectively. Abbreviations: a, aedeagus: a.p., antiaxial apophysis; chhd, cheliceral hood; chx, seta-like apophysis; d.a., post-dorsal apodeme; d.t., dorsal tooth; e, eupathidia; elc.p., supracoxal seta; f.d., fixed digit; g.c., genital capsule; g.p., genital papillae; l.p., lateral protrusion; m.d., movable digit; p.m., palpal membrane; p.s., progenital sclerite; s, spur; subc, subcapitular seta. Scale bars: 25 mm (A–C); 50 mm (D–G).
Figure 3 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 3. The life cycles, gall shape of unisexual generation, and suggested changes in the Andricus mukaigawae complex.
FIGURE 8–11. 8, Nymph IV in Description of a new Corythucha Stål from Argentina (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae), with a description of its life cycle
FIGURE 8–11. 8, Nymph IV; 9, Nymph V; 10, Adult; 11, Lateral view of the hood and median carina.
Fig. 2 in A swimming medusoid gonophore in the life cycle of Ventromma halecioides (Alder, 1859) (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata: Kirchenpaueriidae)
Fig. 2. (A-B) Male medusoid either showing colors in life (A), or stained (B) and displaying an Y-shaped spadix. (C) Partially spawned female medusoid with aggregate of oocytes. (D-F) Three steps of spawning (note presence of velum). (G) Emptied female medusoid. (H) Stained male medusoid partly liberating its gametes, showing directional arrangement of sperm cells. (I) Spawned male medusoid partly liberated from its membrane. (J, K) Spawned medusoids of unknown sex(es), the latter with the bell inside-out. (L-M) Belt of refringent corpuscles seen apically in a male medusoid (L) and laterally in a female (M). (N) Close-up of the refringent corpuscles. (O) Bell margin of a female medusoid showing large, vacuolated cells after the dissolution of the concretions (blue arrowheads). (P-Q) Pseudostenoteles from exumbrella either undischarged (P) or discharged (Q). Scale bars: 10 μm (P, Q), 20 μm (N), 100 μm (L, M, O), 200 μm (B, D-F, H), 400 μm (A, C, G, I-K).
Figure 30 from: van Nieukerken E, Wagner D, Baldessari M, Mazzon L, Angeli G, Girolami V, Duso C, Doorenweerd C (2012) Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle. ZooKeys 170: 29-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617
Figure 30 - Neighbor-joining tree for heliozelid COI barcodes, based on uncorrected pairwise distances. Numbers on branches are bootstrap values, 10,000 replicates. Vitaceae-feeding clusters are coloured differently, others in black. Labels include species name or informal name, codes for country and state (in North America) and sample numbers (Genbank numbers for sequences taken from Genbank).
Figures 21-28 from: van Nieukerken E, Wagner D, Baldessari M, Mazzon L, Angeli G, Girolami V, Duso C, Doorenweerd C (2012) Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle. ZooKeys 170: 29-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.2617
Figures 21-28 - Antispila oinophylla, life history: leafmines on several species of Vitis and different localities. 21, 23, 24 Italy, Borgo Valsusana, Vitis vinifera, 25.vi.2009 22 USA: Vermont, Button Bay SP, Vitis riparia 16.ix.2011 25 USA:Tennessee, NP Great Smoky Mts,Vitis vulpina, 2.x.2010, mine in shade leaf 26, 28 USA: Georgia, type locality, Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis, 14.x.2010 27 USA: Vermont, Button Bay SP, Vitis riparia, 16.ix.2011, DNA barcode,RMNH.INS.18589.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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