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FIGURE 6 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 6. Teeth of Sinclairella dakotensis from Sioux County, Nebraska. 1, right M1 (UMPC 14860); 2, right M3 (UMPC 14864); 3, left P4 (SDSM 10392); 4, left M1 (UMPC 13937); 5, left M2 (UMPC 14862); 6, right M3 (UMPC 14863) (reversed); 7, left p2 (SDSM 10244) (reversed); 8, right m1 (UMPC 14861); 9, left m2 (UMPC 14866) (reversed); 10, left m3 (SDSM 10245) (reversed); 11, right m1 (UMPC 13938) and 12, left m2 (UMPC 13869). Teeth are shown in occlusal view. Divisions in scale are approximately 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Apatemyid first molars from Raben Ranch. 1 and 2, right m1s in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 3. Apatemyid first molars from Raben Ranch. 1 and 2, right m1s of Sinclairella dakotensis (SDSM 10241) and 3, right m1 of Apatemys sp. (SDSM 10242). Teeth are shown in occlusal view. Scale is approximately 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 4. Plot of apatemyid M2 width x length. Circles indicate Sinclairella dakotensis specimens. Squares indicate Apatemys specimens. The open square indicates the Whitehead Creek specimen described in this study. Data for AMNH 56046 and YPM 15284 are from West and Atkins (1970). Data for (RSM) P2374.006 are from Meyer (2007). Sinclairella data come from Clemens (1964), Cavin and Samuels (2012), and this study.

FIGURE 5 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 5. Plot of natural log width x length of M2, open symbols above diagonal, and m1, solid symbols below diagonal from different apatemyid species, the M2 from Whitehead Creek (UMPC 14190), and the m1 from Raben Ranch (SDSM 10242). Note the compatible size relationship between the specimens from the Chadronian of Sioux County, Nebraska (circles). Data are compiled from the following sources: Apatemys chardini (Gingerich, 1982; Ma, 1998), A. bellulus (Gazin, 1958; Ma, 1998), A. bellus (Gazin, 1958; West, 1973; Ma, 1998), Sinclairella dakotensis (Clemens, 1964; Ostrander, 1987; Cavin and Samuels, 2012; this study).

FIGURE 2. Apatemys specimens from the Whitehead Creek locality. 1, left M2 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 2. Apatemys specimens from the Whitehead Creek locality. 1, left M2 (UMPC 14190) and 2, left M3 (UMPC 14191). Teeth are shown in occlusal view. Scale is approximately 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 1. Apatemyid localities in Sioux County, Nebraska. R: Raben Ranch locality of Ostrander (1980, 1987); A: Anthill locality of Hough and Alf (1956); T: Twin Buttes locality of Ostrander (1985); S: Sand Creek locality; O: Orella Road locality; W: Whitehead Creek locality.

FIGURE 7. Map showing Condylura fossil bearing localities and a in Condylura (Mammalia, Talpidae) reloaded: New insights about the fossil representatives of the genus

FIGURE 7. Map showing Condylura fossil bearing localities and a possible palaeobiogeographical scenario. The orange striped area represents the present distribution of the extant C. cristata. The orange star represents Condylura sp. (middle Miocene locality of Kalkaman Lake, Kazakhstan). The red square represents cf. Condylura sp. (late Miocene locality of Malheur River, Oregon, USA). The green triangles represent C. kowalskii and C. izabellae (Pliocene Polish localities). The blue circles represent the late Pleistocene-Holocene localities of C. cristata.

FIGURE 4. 1 in Condylura (Mammalia, Talpidae) reloaded: New insights about the fossil representatives of the genus

FIGURE 4. 1, Condylura kowalskii, mandible fragment bearing p1 and p2 in lingual view (MF/1006/4, ISEZ-PAN); from Rzebik-Kowalska (2014, figure 1.3). 2, Line drawing of a left mandible of Condylura cristata in labial view, modified from Laerm et al. (2007).

FIGURE 5 in Condylura (Mammalia, Talpidae) reloaded: New insights about the fossil representatives of the genus

FIGURE 5. Drawings (1-4) and photographs (5-6) of talpid species humeri in caudal view. 1, Yanshuella primaeva, left humerus (IVPP-6455, IVPP), from Storch and Qiu (1983, figure 39b). 2, Yunoscaptor scalprum, left humerus (IVPP-V- 9741.38, IVPP), from Storch and Qiu (1991, figure 48b). 3, Scapanulus oweni, left humerus, from Hutchinson (1968). 4, Wilsonius ripafodiator, left humerus (UO-22366, UO), from Hutchinson (1968, figure 55). 5, Leptoscaptor robustior, right humerus (P35-58.6, NHMA), from Ziegler (2003, figure 3B2). 6, Leptoscaptor bavaricum, left humerus (P10- 610.2, NHMA), from Ziegler (2003, figure 2I).

FIGURE 1. A in Condylura (Mammalia, Talpidae) reloaded: New insights about the fossil representatives of the genus

FIGURE 1. A detail of the star-like appendages from a preserved specimen. Image modified from Catania (2012b).

FIGURE 6. 1, Talpidae phylogeny resulting from a in Condylura (Mammalia, Talpidae) reloaded: New insights about the fossil representatives of the genus

FIGURE 6. 1, Talpidae phylogeny resulting from a parsimony analysis based on 157 discrete morphological characters, modified from Sánchez-Villagra et al. (2006, figure 1). 2, Unconstrained Talpidae phylogeny based on a parsimony analysis (DELTRAN optimization) based on 176 discrete morphological characters, modified from Schwermann and Thompson (2015, figure 16A).

FIGURE 3 in Condylura (Mammalia, Talpidae) reloaded: New insights about the fossil representatives of the genus

FIGURE 3. Drawings (1-5, 8) and photographs (6 and 7) showing fossil and extant representatives of genus Condylura. 1 and 2, Condylura sp., left humerus in caudal (1) and frontal (2) views, modified from Lychev (1963). 3-5, cf. Condylura sp., right humerus (YPM 20699, YPM) in caudal (3) and lateral (4) views and close-up of the greater tuberosity in medial view (5), modified from Hutchinson (1984, figure 1B). 6 and 7, Condylura kowalskii, left humerus (MF/ 1006/16, ISEZ-PAN) in frontal (6) and caudal (7) views, modified from Rzebik-Kowalska (2014, figure 2.1, 2.2). 8, Condylura cristata, right humerus in caudal view, modified from Hutchinson (1984, figure 1A). Scale bars represent 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 6. Hyainailourinae indet. from Bir el Ater (Algeria). 1-2, UON 84-359, left P3 in occlusal (1) and labial (2) views. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 3. Parvavorodon gheerbranti Solé et al., 2014b from Chambi CBI-1 (Tunisia). 1-2, CBI-1-555, left P3 in labial (1) and occlusal (2) views. 3-4, CBI-1-556, left M1or2 in labial (3) and occlusal (4) views. 5-7, CBI-1-557, left p2 in lingual (5), labial (6) and occlusal (7) views. 8-10, CBI-1-558, right m1 in lingual (8), labial (9) and occlusal (10) views. 11-13, CBI-1-559, left m3 in lingual (11), labial (12) and occlusal (13) views. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 4. Parvavorodon gheerbranti Solé et al., 2014b from Chambi CBI-1 (Tunisia). 1-6, CBI-1-613, left dentary bearing dp4, m1, alveoli of dp3 and m2, and distal alveolus of dp2? in labial (1) occlusal (2), occlusal based on a CTscan reconstruction (3), occlusal close-up (4), labial close-up (5) and lingual close-up (6) views. The black arrows on 2 indicate the two foramina related to the eruption of the permanent teeth (see text). Scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 2 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 2. Furodon crocheti Solé et al., 2014b from Chambi CBI-1 (Tunisia). 1-2, CBI-1-550, right P2 in lingual (1) and occlusal (2) views. 3-4, CBI-1-551, right maxillary fragment bearing a P2 in labial (3) and occlusal (4) views. 5-6, CBI-1-552, right M1 in labial (5) and occlusal (6) views. 7-9, CBI-1-612, right dp3 in lingual (7), labial (8) and occlusal (9) views. 10-12, CBI-1-554, left m3 in lingual (10), labial (11) and occlusal (12) views. 13-15, CBI-1-553, right m1 in lingual (13), labial (14) and occlusal (15) views. Abbreviations: Hd, Hypoconulid; Par., Paraconid; Pro., Protoconid; Psd, Protostylid. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 5. CT-scan reconstruction of Parvavorodon gheerbranti Solé et al., 2014b from Chambi CBI-1 (Tunisia); CBI-1-613, left dentary bearing dp4, m1, alveoli of dp3 and m2, and distal alveolus of dp2?. 1, occlusal view; 2, parasagittal slice showing the roots of the dp4 and m1. Note the absence of germ below dp3 and dp4. Scale bar equal 2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 7. Masrasector cf. ligabuei from Bir el Ater (Algeria). 1-2, UON 84-360, right M1or2 in occlusal (1) and labial (2) views. 3-4, UON 84-361, right M3 in lingual (3) and occlusal (4) views. 5-7, UON 84-397, right p3 in occlusal (5), lingual (6) and labial (7) views. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 9. 1 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 9. 1, geographic distribution of the Faunal Assemblages (see text). 2, stratigraphic distribution of Tinerhodon and hyaenodont subfamilies in Africa during Paleocene and Eocene, and of the faunal assemblages regarding the main climatic events and mammal appearances. Note the gap in the fossil record of the Koholiinae. Abbreviations: Barton.= Bartonian; EECO: Early Eocene Climatic Optimum; MECO: Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum; PETM: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum; Priabon.= Priabonian; Seland.= Selandian; Thanet.= Thanetian.

FIGURE 1. 1 in New fossils of Hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the Eocene localities of Chambi (Tunisia) and Bir el Ater (Algeria), and the evolution of the earliest African hyaenodonts

FIGURE 1. 1, localisation of the African fossiliferous localities that yielded Paleocene and Eocene hyaenodonts (see Table 1); 1: Ouled Abdoun Basin (Morocco); 2: Ouarzazate Basin (Morocco); 3: El Kohol (Algeria); 4: Gour Lazib (Algeria); 5: Chambi (Tunisia); 6: Black Crow locality from Sperrgebiet (Namibia); 7: Bir el Ater (Algeria); 8: Dur atTalah (Libya); 9: Fayum Province = Birket Qarun Locality 2, Jebel Qatrani, and Qasr el-Sagha Formation (Egypt); 10: Taqah (Oman). 2, correlation of Eocene localities including hyaenodonts (see Table 1) [adapted from Coster et al. (2012, figure 1) and Seiffert (2010, figure 2.1)]. The black circles (1) and the names in Bold Italic (2) identify the localities under study. Abbreviations: Barton.= Bartonian; Priabon.= Priabonian; Seland.= Selandian; Thanet.= Thanetian.