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1,140 results for “TOPS”
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Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 15 November 2019
SkyPlus Eesti top 40 laulusõnade korpus 1994-2018
<p>Andmestik sisaldab Sky Plus Eesti top 40 hulka jõudnud laulude sõnu. Top 40 on koostatud bändi päritolu järgi ja ei sisalda ainult eestikeelseid lugusid. Andmestik on mõeldud eelkõige lihtsama tekstitöötluse harjutamiseks.</p>
Figure 5 from: Ling S-J, Guan S-P, Wen F, Shui Y-M, Ren M-X (2020) Oreocharis jasminina (Gesneriaceae), a new species from mountain tops of Hainan Island, South China. In: Shui Y-M, Chen W-H, Ren M-X, Wen F, Hong X, Qiu Z-J, Wei Y-G, Kang M (Eds) Taxonomy of Gesneriaceae in China and Vietnam. PhytoKeys 157: 121-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.50246
Figure 5 Geographic distribution of Oreocharis jasminina sp. nov. and the three congeners on Hainan Island. ★ O. jasminina sp. nov. ∆ O. dasyantha ◊ O. dasyantha var. ferruginosa □ O. flavida.
Figure 1 from: Ling S-J, Guan S-P, Wen F, Shui Y-M, Ren M-X (2020) Oreocharis jasminina (Gesneriaceae), a new species from mountain tops of Hainan Island, South China. In: Shui Y-M, Chen W-H, Ren M-X, Wen F, Hong X, Qiu Z-J, Wei Y-G, Kang M (Eds) Taxonomy of Gesneriaceae in China and Vietnam. PhytoKeys 157: 121-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.50246
Figure 1 Molecular phylogeny of Hainan Oreocharis taxa with outgroup O. sinohenryi, based on the combined nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequence ITS1/2 and chroloplast gene trnL-trnF data matrices. Posterior probability (PP) and Bootstrap value (BS) are showed above branches.
Figure 4 from: Ling S-J, Guan S-P, Wen F, Shui Y-M, Ren M-X (2020) Oreocharis jasminina (Gesneriaceae), a new species from mountain tops of Hainan Island, South China. In: Shui Y-M, Chen W-H, Ren M-X, Wen F, Hong X, Qiu Z-J, Wei Y-G, Kang M (Eds) Taxonomy of Gesneriaceae in China and Vietnam. PhytoKeys 157: 121-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.50246
Figure 4 Three formerly-recognised Oreocharis taxa in Hainan Island. Oreocharis dasyantha (A, B), Oreocharis dasyantha var. ferruginosa (C, D) and Oreocharis flavida (E, F).
Figure 2 from: Ling S-J, Guan S-P, Wen F, Shui Y-M, Ren M-X (2020) Oreocharis jasminina (Gesneriaceae), a new species from mountain tops of Hainan Island, South China. In: Shui Y-M, Chen W-H, Ren M-X, Wen F, Hong X, Qiu Z-J, Wei Y-G, Kang M (Eds) Taxonomy of Gesneriaceae in China and Vietnam. PhytoKeys 157: 121-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.50246
Figure 2 Oreocharis jasminina sp. nov. A Habitat B habit C face view of corolla D lateral view of corolla E opening flower showing stamens and staminode F stamens and staminode G pistil and sepals H fruit pods I adaxial leaf surface J abaxial leaf surface.
Figure 3 from: Ling S-J, Guan S-P, Wen F, Shui Y-M, Ren M-X (2020) Oreocharis jasminina (Gesneriaceae), a new species from mountain tops of Hainan Island, South China. In: Shui Y-M, Chen W-H, Ren M-X, Wen F, Hong X, Qiu Z-J, Wei Y-G, Kang M (Eds) Taxonomy of Gesneriaceae in China and Vietnam. PhytoKeys 157: 121-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.50246
Figure 3 Oreocharis jasminina sp. nov. (all drawings based on the holotype S.J.Ling 20181126–01 in HUTB, drawn by S.P. Guan). A Habit B face view of corolla C lateral view of corolla D opening corolla showing pistil and stamens E pistil F stamens and staminode.
Datasets for the team orienteering problem (TOP) and generalized team orienteering problem (GTOP)
<p>The six datasets are used in the following paper: Wenzheng Xu , Weifa Liang, Zichuan Xu, Jian Peng, Dezhong Peng, Tang Liu, Xiaohua Jia, and Sajal K. Das,“Approximation algorithms for the generalized team orienteering problem and its applications,”<em><strong>which was submitted to journal</strong> </em>IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (ToN) .</p> <p>Specific descriptions for the datasets:</p> <p><strong>1. GTOP-chargingPerformanceTable.xlsx</strong>: the performance comparison of different algorithms in rechargable sensor networks. Some results were published in the following paper: Wenzheng Xu, Zichuan Xu, Jian Peng, Weifa Liang, Tang Liu, Xiaohua Jia, and Sajal K. Das,“Approximation algorithms for the team orienteering problem,”in Proc. 39th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), 2020, pp. 1389–1398.</p> <p><strong>2.</strong> <strong>GTOP-chargingTestInstances.rar</strong>: the test instances of rechargable sensor networks.</p> <p><strong>3. GTOP-uavNetworkPerformanceTable.xlsx</strong>: the performance comparison of different algorithms in UAV networks for monitoring disaster areas.</p> <p><strong>4.</strong> <strong>GTOP-UAVnetworkTestInstances.rar</strong>: the test instances for the GTOP problem in UAV networks.</p> <p><strong>5. </strong> <strong>TOP-157instances-original.rar</strong>: 157 test instances for the team orienteering problem, which are also available at:</p> <p>https://w1.cirrelt.ca/~vidalt/en/VRP-resources.html</p> <p><strong>6. TOP-performance.pdf</strong>: the performance comparison of different algorithms for the TOP problems,</p> <p>which is also available at: https://w1.cirrelt.ca/~vidalt/en/VRP-resources.html</p> <p> </p> <p>Please provide reference to Thibaut VIDAL, https://w1.cirrelt.ca/~vidalt/en/VRP-resources.html, if you use datasets 5 and 6.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
MAL Top Anime Scrapping
<p>This dataset contains scrapped data from <a href="https://myanimelist.net/">MyAnimeList</a> Top Anime page. It contains information from the top 500 anime on November 7th, 2020 in CSV format. </p> <p>For each of the animes it contains the following information: ranking position, title, score given by the users, numbers of episodes, airing start date and airing end date, emission status, synopsis, genre list and a timestamp of the scrapping.</p> <p>The code to scrape this information can be seen <a href="https://github.com/LauraPlanas/MAL-AnimeScrapper">here</a>. </p> <p> </p>
Top 50 World Padel Tour Dataset
<p>Este data set contiene información de los 100 mejores jugadores de padel actuales del circuito World Padel Tour: los 50 mejores del ranking masculino y las 50 mejores del ranking femenino. El dataset contiene tanto características personales de los jugadores (nombre completo, altura, fecha de nacimiento. . . ) como deportivas, incluyendo tanto datos relativos a su carrera profesional completa como resultados de competición más destacables obtenidos en los años más recientes (entre 2013 y 2020)</p>
Data from: Environmental stability increases relative individual specialisation across populations of an aquatic top predator
The concept of the niche has long been a central pillar in ecological theory, with a traditional focus on quantifying niches at the species or population level. However, the importance of individual-level niche variation is increasingly being recognised, with a strong focus on individual specialisation. While examples illustrating the contribution of the individual niche to whole population niche structure are accumulating rapidly, surprisingly little is known about the conditions that shape the differences between these two potentially divergent components. Though theory predicts that stability should influence the extent of such intra-specific specialisation, we know of no previous study that has investigated its role in individual specialisation, and the differentiation between individual- and population niches. Here, we studied the diet of individuals from multiple populations of an aquatic top-predator, Salmo trutta, inhabiting contrasting stable, groundwater fed and unstable, surface water fed pre-alpine streams. Based on stomach content analysis, we found that individuals living in stable environments displayed a higher degree of specialisation than those in unstable environments, with the between-individual component of niche width being approximately twice as high in the former. We subsequently validated these results by evidence gained from stable isotope analysis of muscle tissue. As such, we reveal that environmental stability can significantly influence individual niches within populations, leading to increased specialisation.
Data from: Artificial light at night causes top-down and bottom-up trophic effects on invertebrate populations
1. Globally, many ecosystems are exposed to artificial light at night. Nighttime lighting has direct biological impacts on species at all trophic levels. However, the effects of artificial light on biotic interactions largely remain to be determined. 2. We exposed experimental mesocosms containing combinations of grassland plants and invertebrate herbivores and predators to illumination at night over a three-year period to simulate conditions under different common forms of street lighting. 3. We demonstrate both top-down (predation controlled) and bottom-up (resource controlled) impacts of artificial light at night in grassland communities. The impacts on invertebrate herbivore abundance were wavelength dependent and mediated via other trophic levels. 4. White LED lighting decreased the abundance of a generalist herbivore mollusc by 55% in the presence of a visual predator, but not in its absence, while monochromatic amber light (with a peak wavelength similar to low pressure sodium lighting) decreased abundance of a specialist herbivore aphid (by 17%) by reducing the cover and flower abundance of its main food plant in the system. Artificial white light also significantly increased the food plant's foliar carbon to nitrogen ratio. 5. We conclude that exposure to artificial light at night can trigger ecological effects spanning trophic levels, and that the nature of such impacts depends on the wavelengths emitted by the lighting technology employed. 6. Policy implications Our results confirm that artificial light at night, at illuminance levels similar to roadside vegetation, can have population effects mediated by both top-down and bottom-up effects on ecosystems. Given the increasing ubiquity of light pollution at night, these impacts may be widespread in the environment. These results underlines the importance of minimising disruption of natural ecosystems by reducing light pollution into natural and semi-natural ecosystems.26-Jun-2018
Data from: The behavioral type of a top predator drives the short-term dynamic of intraguild predation
Variation in behavior among individual top predators (i.e., the behavioral type) can strongly shape pest suppression in intraguild predation (IGP). However, the effect of a top predator's behavioral type—namely, foraging aggressiveness (number of killed divided by prey time) and prey choosiness (preference degree for certain prey type)—on the dynamic of IGP may interact with the relative abundances of top predator, mesopredator, and pest. We investigated the influence of the top predator's behavioral type on the dynamic of IGP in a three-species system with a top predator spider, a mesopredator spider, and a psyllid pest using a simulation model. The model parameters were estimated from laboratory experiments and field observations. The top predator's behavioral type altered the food-web dynamics in a context-dependent manner. The system with an aggressive/nonchoosy top predator, without prey preferences between pest and mesopredator, suppressed the pest more when the top predator to mesopredator abundance ratio was high. In contrast, the system with a timid/choosy top predator that preferred the pest to the mesopredator was more effective when the ratio was low. Our results show that the behavioral types and abundances of interacting species need to be considered together when studying food-web dynamics, because they evidently interact. To improve biocontrol efficiency of predators, research on the alteration of their behavioral types is needed.
Data from: Top-down effects of repatriating bald eagles hinder jointly recovering competitors
1. The recovery of piscivorous birds around the world is touted as one of the great conservation successes of the 21st century, but for some species, this success was short-lived. Bald eagles, ospreys, and great blue herons began repatriating Voyageurs National Park, USA, in the mid-20th century. However, after 1990, only eagles continued their recovery, while osprey and heron recovery failed for unknown reasons. 2. We aimed to evaluate whether top-down effects of bald eagles, and bottom-up effects of inclement weather, habitat quality, and fish resources contributed to the failed recovery of ospreys and herons in a protected area. 3. We quantified the relative influence of top-down and bottom-up factors on nest colonization, persistence (i.e., nest reuse) and success for ospreys, and occurrence and size of heronries using 26 years (1986-2012) of spatially-explicit monitoring data coupled with multi-response hierarchical models and Bayesian variable selection approaches. 4. Bald eagles were previously shown to recover faster due to intensive nest protection and management. Increased numbers of eagles were associated with a reduction in the numbers of osprey nests, their nesting success, and heronry size; while higher local densities of nesting eagles deterred heronries nearby. We found little evidence of bottom-up limitations on the failed recovery of herons and ospreys. 5. We present a conservation conundrum: bald eagles are top predators and a flagship species of conservation that have benefited from intensive protection, but this likely hindered the recovery of ospreys and herons. Returning top predators, or rewilding, is widely promoted as a conservation strategy for top-down ecosystem recovery, but managing top predators in isolation of jointly recovering species can halt or reverse ecosystem recovery. Previous studies warn of the potential consequences of ignoring biotic interactions amongst recovering species, but we go further by quantifying how these interactions contributed to failed recoveries via impacts on the nesting demography of jointly recovering species. Multi-species management is paramount to realizing the ecosystem benefits of top predator recovery.
Data from: Fire frequency drives habitat selection by a diverse herbivore guild impacting top–down control of plant communities in an African savanna
In areas with diverse herbivore communities such as African savannas, the frequency of disturbance by fire may alter the top–down role of different herbivore species on plant community dynamics. In a seven year experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, we examined the habitat use of nine common herbivore species across annually burned, triennially burned and unburned areas. We also used two types of exclosures (plus open access controls) to examine the impacts of different herbivores on plant community dynamics across fire disturbance regimes. Full exclosures excluded all herbivores > 0.5 kg (e.g. elephant, zebra, impala) while partial exclosures allowed access only to animals with shoulder heights ≤ 0.85 m (e.g. impala, steenbok). Annual burns attracted a diverse suite of herbivores, and exclusion of larger herbivores (e.g. elephant, zebra, wildebeest) increased plant abundance. When smaller species, mainly impala, were also excluded there were declines in plant diversity, likely mediated by a decline in open space available for colonization of uncommon plant species. Unburned areas attracted the least diverse suite of herbivores, dominated by impala. Here, herbivore exclusion, especially of impala, led to strong declines in plant richness and diversity. With no fire disturbance, herbivore exclusion led to competitive exclusion via increases in plant dominance and light limitation. In contrast, on triennial burns, herbivore exclusion had no effect on plant richness or diversity, potentially due to relatively little open space for colonization across exclosure treatments but also little competitive exclusion due to the intermediate fire disturbance. Further, the diverse suite of grazers and browsers on triennial burns may have had a compensating effect of on the diversity of grasses and forbs. Ultimately, our work shows that differential disturbance regimes can result in differential consumer pressure across a landscape and result in heterogeneous patterns in top–down control of community dynamics.
Data from: Selective plant foraging and the top-down suppression of native diversity in a restored prairie
Clarifying what species are being consumed at what times can improve our understanding of how anthropogenic change affects food web dynamics, with implications for community assembly including restoration. This includes human-based changes to plant communities via species introductions, which can interact with consumer feeding preferences to indirectly alter assembly outcomes including reduced restoration success if planted species are preferentially targeted. We used DNA barcoding of plant material in rodent scat, combined with field-based feeding trials, rodent trapping, and rodent exclosures to test for dietary preferences and assembly impacts of native rodents on a restored and regionally rare tallgrass prairie of central North America. We examined whether native rodents preferred non-targeted and mostly non-native oldfield plants that are more locally abundant, thus protecting the rarer native planted species from consumption, or if rodents preferred native plants regardless of abundance. Our results supported the latter outcome. Barcoding revealed that native rodents consumed mostly non-planted oldfield species for ten months of the year (92% of the diet). The exceptions were August–September, when planted prairie species accounted for 87% of plants consumed and coincided with their peak seed production. Cafeteria trials suggested diet seasonality to be explained by food limitation – native prairie seeds were consumed year-round when made available. Non-targeted oldfield species thus appeared to be of sufficient quality to support rodent populations (peaking at 23 individuals ha−1 in summer), but without rescuing rarer prairie species from targeted granivory and resulting in reduced prairie diversity outside of experimental exclosures. Synthesis and applications. Our work illustrates how anthropogenic-based changes to producer communities may affect feeding pathways in grassland food webs, potentially facilitating establishment by non-target species via indirect consumer effects that can be difficult to detect. These findings suggest that rodents may reduce the restoration success of tallgrass prairie in our region, with some planted species likely to suffer future recruitment difficulties due to granivory. Managers may need to consider multiple trophic levels with restoration, not just the commonly planted producer communities but also the consumers and predators associated with them.
Data from: Does plant diversity increase top–down control of herbivorous insects in tropical forest?
Higher trophic level interactions are key mediators of ecosystem functioning in tropical forests. A rich body of theory has been developed to predict the effects of plant diversity on communities at higher trophic levels and the mechanisms underlying such effects. The 'enemies hypothesis' states that predators exert more effective top–down control of herbivorous insects with increasing plant diversity. Support for this hypothesis has been found in temperate forests and agroecosystems, but remains understudied in tropical forests. We compared incidence of attacks of different natural enemies using artificial caterpillars in a tropical forest landscape and investigated the role of plant community structure (i.e. species richness, composition and density), and the role of forest fragmentation (i.e. patch size, edge distance and canopy openness) on predation intensity. Plant community effects were tested with respect to three vegetation strata: trees, saplings and herbs. Observed predation was substantially due to ants. Predation rates increased with plant species richness for trees and herbs. Density of saplings, herb cover and herb species composition were important factors for predation. No significant patterns were found for fragmentation parameters, suggesting that forest fragmentation has not altered predation intensity. We conclude that in tropical forests, top–down control of herbivorous insects in the understory vegetation is affected by a combination of plant diversity, plant species composition and structural features of the plant community.
Data from: Dietary habits of polar bears in Foxe Basin, Canada: possible evidence of a trophic regime shift mediated by a new top predator
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in several areas with seasonal sea ice regimes have shown declines in body condition, reproductive rates, or abundance as a result of declining sea ice habitat. In the Foxe Basin region of Nunavut, Canada, the size of the polar bear subpopulation has remained largely stable over the past 20 years, despite concurrent declines in sea ice habitat. We used fatty acid analysis to examine polar bear feeding habits in Foxe Basin and thus potentially identify ecological factors contributing to population stability. Adipose tissue samples were collected from 103 polar bears harvested during 2010–2012. Polar bear diet composition varied spatially within the region with ringed seal (Pusa hispida) comprising the primary prey in northern and southern Foxe Basin, whereas polar bears in Hudson Strait consumed equal proportions of ringed seal and harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) consumption was highest in northern Foxe Basin, a trend driven by the ability of adult male bears to capture large-bodied prey. Importantly, bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) contributed to polar bear diets in all areas and all age and sex classes. Bowhead carcasses resulting from killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation and subsistence harvest potentially provide an important supplementary food source for polar bears during the ice-free period. Our results suggest that the increasing abundance of killer whales and bowhead whales in the region could be indirectly contributing to improved polar bear foraging success despite declining sea ice habitat. However, this indirect interaction between top predators may be temporary if continued sea ice declines eventually severely limit on-ice feeding opportunities for polar bears.
Data from: "Hot deals at sea": responses of a top predator (Bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus) to human-induced changes in the coastal ecosystem
The main response of top predators to human-induced environmental changes is often behavioural. Although human activities regularly impose a disturbance on top predators, they can also be a source of reliable and concentrated food resources for species with a high degree of behavioural plasticity. This study represents the first assessment of the influence of these resources on migratory patterns and social interaction of a marine top predator, the common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Pollock's closed robust design models and association analyses were applied to data collected over nine consecutive years of research in a coastal area subject to significant use and pressure by humans. Photo-identification data were collected year-round during 955 boat-based surveys, resulting in 1 638 common bottlenose dolphin group encounters. Results of this study revealed a significant upward trend in density of bottlenose dolphins, preferences for a coastal area with higher human pressure, and a reduction of the social interactions associated to a temporal switch to the food sources provided by human activities. The observed link between human activities and changes in common bottlenose dolphin behaviour aim to contribute to a better understanding of the ecology of a marine top predator and provide some of the needed baseline data, from which effective management and conservation strategies can be designed.
Data from: Pathogen dynamics under both bottom-up host resistance and top-down hyperparasite attack
1. The relative importance of bottom-up versus top-down control of population dynamics has been the focus of much debate. In infectious disease biology, research is typically focused on the bottom-up process of host resistance, wherein the direction of control flows from the lower to the higher trophic level to impact on pathogen population size and epidemiology. However, the importance of top-down control by a pathogen's natural enemies has been mostly overlooked. 2. Here, we explore the effects of, and interaction between, host genotype (i.e. genetic susceptibility to pathogen infection) and infection by a hyperparasitic fungus, (Ampelomyces spp.) on the establishment and early-epidemic growth and transmission of a powdery mildew plant pathogen (Podosphaera plantaginis). We used a semi-natural field experiment to contrast the impacts of hyperparasite infection, host-plant resistance and spatial structure to reveal the key factors that determine pathogen spread. We then used a laboratory-based inoculation approach to test whether the field experiment results hold across multiple pathogen-host genetic combinations, and to explore hyperparasite effects on the pathogen's later life-history stages. 3. We found that hyperparasite infection had a negligible effect on within-host infection development and between-host spread of the pathogen during the onset of epidemics. In contrast, host-plant resistance was the major determinant of whether plants became infected, and host genotype and proximity to an infection source determined infection severity. 4. Our laboratory study showed that, while the interaction between host and pathogen genotypes was the key determinant of infection outcome, hyperparasitism did, on average, reduce the severity of infection. Moreover, hyperparasite infection negatively influenced the production of the pathogen's overwintering structures. 5. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that while host resistance affects pathogen spread, efficient top-down control of powdery mildew pathogens is dependent on which pathogen life history stage is targeted. Further, while hyperparasitism in this system can reduce early pathogen growth under stable laboratory conditions, this effect is not detectable in a semi-natural environment. Considering the effects of hyperparasites at multiple points in pathogen's life history will be important when considering hyperparasite-derived biocontrol measures in other natural and agricultural systems.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.