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FIG. 10 in The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade

FIG. 10. — Traces of red pigmentand white lead (?) on a wedgeclam (Donax sp. Linnaeus, 1758) shell: A, traces of red pigment and white lead (?) on the inside surface of a wedge clam (Donax sp. Linnaeus, 1758) shell; B, observation through binocular microscope; C, observation through scanning electron microscope: FOV, 173 µm; mode, 15kV – Point; detector, BSDfull. Scalebars: A, 10 mm; B, 1 mm; C, 50 µm.

FIG. 18 in The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade

FIG. 18. — Fragments of pearl oyster from: A, 5th-6th century AD levels on Diana Theatre site; B, Late Roman levels on the Billiardo Palace site; C, half-finished mother-of-pearl objects found on the Diana Theatre site. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 3 in The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade

FIG. 3. — MNI (minimumnumberofindividuals) proportionsexpressedasper- centagesofthefourmainmarinemolluscspeciesbetweenthe 4thcenturyBC andthe 4thcenturyAD (rawdatabetweenbrackets). Abbreviation: c., century.

FIG. 12 in The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade

FIG. 12. — Copper residue (atachamite/malachite?) ontheinside surface of aflat oyster (Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758) shell: A, observations through binocular microscope; B, scanningelectron microscope: FOV,89.6 ɥm; mode, 15 kV – Point; detector, BSD full. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 16 in The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade

FIG. 16. — Fragments of pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758) from the Hellenistic period: A, one of the shells displays traces of red/violet pigment (with an observation through binocular microscope); B, the second is unworked; C, the third is polished. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 2 in The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade

FIG. 2. — Location of the archaeological excavations of the Centre d'Études alexandrines in the Brucheion district (archaeological map of M. El-Falaki, 1866). Computer aided design, C. Shaalan, CEAlex, March 2018. Red stars: 1, former British Consulate; 2, Cricket Ground; 3, Fouad; 4, Diana Theatre; 5, Billiardo Palace.

FIG. 13 in The exploitation of molluscs and other invertebrates in Alexandria (Egypt) from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity: food, usage, and trade

FIG. 13. — Thorny oyster (Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758) shell from the Diana Theatre site, with traces of red pigment on its inner surface. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figures 6-11 from: Fukushima CS, Cardoso P, Bertani R (2020) Description of the male of the Critically Endangered tarantula Typhochlaena curumim Bertani, 2012 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with comments on tarantula trade and conservation. ZooKeys 938: 125-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.51442

Figures 6-11 Typhochlaena curumim male (MNRJ 6915) 6−10 palpal bulb, left side 6 retrolateral 7 prolateral 8 dorsal 9 frontal 10 left palp, prolateral 11 urticating setae type II. Scale bars: 1 mm (6–10); 0.1 mm (11)

Figures 2-5 from: Fukushima CS, Cardoso P, Bertani R (2020) Description of the male of the Critically Endangered tarantula Typhochlaena curumim Bertani, 2012 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with comments on tarantula trade and conservation. ZooKeys 938: 125-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.51442

Figures 2-5 Typhochlaena curumim male (MNRJ 6915) 2 carapace, dorsal 3 abdomen, dorsal 4 maxillae, labium, sternum, and coxae 5 spinnerets, ventral. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 1 from: Fukushima CS, Cardoso P, Bertani R (2020) Description of the male of the Critically Endangered tarantula Typhochlaena curumim Bertani, 2012 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with comments on tarantula trade and conservation. ZooKeys 938: 125-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.51442

Figure 1 Typhochlaena curumim Bertani, 2012 habitus, male from southern Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Photo: Rogério Bertani.

Figure 12 from: Fukushima CS, Cardoso P, Bertani R (2020) Description of the male of the Critically Endangered tarantula Typhochlaena curumim Bertani, 2012 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with comments on tarantula trade and conservation. ZooKeys 938: 125-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.51442

Figure 12 Approximate distribution of Typhochlaena curumim Bertani, 2012. A large spatial error has been introduced to avoid revealing exact localities.

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Hidden introductions of freshwater red algae via the aquarium trade exposed by DNA barcodes

The global aquarium trade can introduce alien freshwater invaders, potentially impacting local aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity. The role of the aquarium trade in spreading freshwater red macroalgae that hitchhike on ornamental aquatic plants and animals is unassessed. We investigated this human-mediated phenomenon via a broad biodiversity survey and genetic analysis of freshwater red algae in the field and aquarium shops in East Asia. Results We found 26 molecular operational taxonomic units (mOTUs) in Taiwan, some of which are cryptic. Phylogeographical analysis revealed three potential introduced mOTUs in Taiwan, which exhibit no local genetic variation in Taiwan and are distributed across continents. Also, we posit that some presumably endangered freshwater red algae may be preserved in aquaria, an unintentional ex situ conservation site for these organisms that are vulnerable to water pollution from anthropogenic disturbances. Main Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that freshwater red algae have been hitchhiking and dispersed via the aquarium trade, an important and overlooked mechanism of introduction of these organisms across the globe.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Supplementary material 2 from: Shivambu N, Shivambu TC, Downs CT (2020) Assessing the potential impacts of non-native small mammals in the South African pet trade. NeoBiota 60: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.52871

Table S2

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Supplementary material 1 from: Shivambu N, Shivambu TC, Downs CT (2020) Assessing the potential impacts of non-native small mammals in the South African pet trade. NeoBiota 60: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.52871

Table S1

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Phylogenomics, biogeography and taxonomic revision of New Guinean pythons (Pythonidae, Leiopython) harvested for international trade

The large and enigmatic New Guinean pythons in the genus Leiopython are harvested from the wild to supply the international trade in pets. Six species are currently recognized (albertisii, biakensis, fredparkeri, huonensis, meridionalis, montanus) but the taxonomy of this group has been controversial. We combined analysis of 421 nuclear loci and complete mitochondrial genomes with morphological data to construct a detailed phylogeny of this group, understand their biogeographic patterns and establish the systematic diversity of this genus. Our molecular genetic data support two major clades, corresponding to L. albertisii and L. meridionalis, but offer no support for the other four species. Our morphological data also only support two species. We therefore recognize L. albertisii and L. meridionalis as valid species and place L. biakensis, L. fredparkeri, L. huonensis and L. montanus into synonymy. We found that L. albertisiiand L. meridionalis are sympatric in western New Guinea; an atypical pattern compared to other Papuan species complexes in which the distributions of sister taxa are partitioned to the north and south of the island's central mountain range. For the purpose of conservation management, overestimation of species diversity within Leiopython has resulted in the unnecessary allocation of resources that could have been expended elsewhere. We strongly caution against revising the taxonomy of geographically widespread species groups when little or no molecular genetic data and only small morphological samples are available.

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Speed-Accuracy Trade-Offs in Sample-Based Decisions - Data

Datasets for all experiments described in the paper "Speed-Accuracy Trade-Offs in Sample-Based Decisions - Data" published in JEP:General in 2020.

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Unprecedented biting performance in herbivorous fish: how the complex biting system of Pomacentridae circumvents performance trade-offs

It is well accepted that the complexity of functional systems may mitigate performance trade-offs. However, data supporting this theory is hard to find because it needs to be based on a functional system with different complexity levels in closely-related species. The Pomacentridae (damselfishes) provide an excellent opportunity to test the hypothesis because most of the species have two mouth-closing systems: the first using the adductor mandibulae, as in all teleost fishes, and a second one relying on the cerato-mandibular ligament (cmd), a synapomorphic trait of the family. Interestingly, some pomacentrids have secondarily lost the cmd ligament during evolution and therefore have a less complex mouth-closing system. Using dissection, kinematic analysis, and mathematical modeling, we demonstrated that the possession of two mouth-closing systems enabled grazing damselfishes to have a forceful and extremely fast bite. This combination challenges a major functional trade-off in fish jaw dynamics, as systems better suited for force transmission are usually less suited for speed transmission, and vice versa. The combination of grazing behavior, small and robust lower jaws (conferring high biting force), and an ultra-fast bite is unusual within actinopterygians. These attributes and their associated performance seem to be required conditions to colonize the ecological niche of farming, i.e., the maintenance of small filamentous algae crops serving as both food and storage.

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FIG. 9 in When ivory came from the seas. On some traits of the trade of raw and carved sea-mammal ivories in the Middle Ages

FIG. 9. — Chess piece, Castila, 12th century. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum: 71.145. Height: 7.1 cm (Photo Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, CC).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2018View details →

FIG. 11 in When ivory came from the seas. On some traits of the trade of raw and carved sea-mammal ivories in the Middle Ages

FIG. 11. — The Ainkhürn Schwert (Unicorn Sword) of Philip the Good of Burgundy, mid-15th century, Vienna, Imperial treasure, Hofburg (Kunsthistorisches Museum: SK XIV-3). Length: 104 cm (Photo KHM-Museumsverband).