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FIGURE 1 in Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer (1808-1887) of the City of Hamburg, and his research on hydroids and bryozoans

FIGURE 1. Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer, Bürgermeister of the Freie und Hansestad Hamburg, and taxonomist of hydroids and bryozoans. A, from Cuxhaven City Archives, photograph number 34C1-00170. B, from Wohlwill, 1903, in http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustav_Heinrich_Kirchenpauer.jpg, last accessed 27 September 2010.

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FIGURES 16–19 in Marcusadorea, a new genus of lepralioid bryozoan from warm waters

FIGURES 16–19. Internal view of Marcusadorea species. 16–17, Marcusadorea jamaicensis n. sp.; VMNH 13662 (Paratype), Rio Bueno, Jamaica. 16, Frontal shield of two autozooids; 17, close-up of orifice, note the barely projecting condyles. 18–19, Marcusadorea tubulosa (Canu & Bassler, 1928); MZUSP 0176 Alagoas, Brazil. 18, Frontal shield of two autozooids; 19, close-up of orifice.

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FIGURES 1–5. Marcusadorea jamaicensis n in Marcusadorea, a new genus of lepralioid bryozoan from warm waters

FIGURES 1–5. Marcusadorea jamaicensis n. sp. 1, VMNH 13659 (Holotype), Rio Bueno, Jamaica. Colony with two ooecia. 2–3, AMNH bryozoan collection, Rio Bueno, Jamaica. 2, Group of autozooids; 3, ovicelled zooid in lateral view. 4–5, VMNH 13660 (Paratype), Rio Bueno, Jamaica. 4, Orifice with avicularium; 5, close-up of peristomial avicularium.

Figure 11 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 11. Pentapora clipeus sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimens from the Middle Pliocene of Monte Padova, Castell'Arquato, Piacenza, Emilia, Italy, imaged using back-scattered electrons. A–D, holotype, NHM BZ 5662. A, colony fragment with zooids bearing giant avicularia. B, partly overgrown ovicell and two giant avicularia. C, giant avicularium; note the lack of a calcified crossbar. D, giant avicularium with closure plate containing two pores. E, paratype, NHM BZ 5663. E, orifice with left lappet preserved and giant avicularium with closure plate. F, primary orifice, normal suboral avicularium, and median septum and circular muscle impression visible on the basal wall of the broken zooid at the top left. Scale bars: A = 280 Mm; B = 100 Mm; D = 60 Mm; E = 50 Mm; F = 100 Mm.

Figure 12 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 12. Raymondcia rigida (Lorenz, 1886), holotype of Pentapora boreale Kuklinski & Hayward (2004), Kingsfjorden, Spitsbergen, NHM 2003.3.10.1; scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimen imaged using back-scattered electrons. A, zooids and growing edge. B, zooids with ovicells and suboral avicularia. C, primary orifice, nonporous ovicell, suboral avicularium and lyrula. D, primary orifice, suboral avicularium and ovicell overgrown by granular calcification. Scale bars: A = 600 Mm; B = 200 Mm; C = 80 Mm; D = 100 Mm.

Figure 13 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 13. Cladogram showing the inferred phylogenetic relationships between species of Pentapora based on an analysis rooted on Pentapora ottomulleriana. The numbers in the squares are bootstrap support values for clades along the spine of the tree. Smaller figures are character numbers (see the Appendix), with state changes given in brackets. Extinct species are indicated with asterisks. Note that the Atlantic species form a clade crownward of the Mediterranean species in this analysis.

Figure 9 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 9. Pentapora lacryma sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimens from the Pliocene Coralline Crag Formation of Suffolk, England, imaged using back-scattered electrons. A, ovicellate autozooids and giant avicularia partly obscured by diagenetic cement, Aldeburgh Member, Aldeburgh Hall, NHM BZ 5677. B, C, E, F, Aldeburgh Member, Crag Pit Nursery, Aldeburgh, NHM BZ 5648. B, autozooids from encrusting base. C, growing edge of encrusting base showing ovicellate zooids and a few giant avicularia. E, ovicellate zooids with closure plates and a giant avicularium (left). F, ovicell (pores obscured by diagenetic cement) and giant avicularium. D, holotype with ovicellate zooids showing evenly porous ooecia, Broom Hill, NHM D50716. Scale bars: A = 55 Mm; B = 240 Mm; C = 520 Mm; D = 230 Mm; E = 150 Mm; F = 130 Mm.

Figure 8 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 8. Pentapora pertusa (Milne Edwards, 1836), scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimens from the Pliocene Coralline Crag Formation of Suffolk, England, imaged using back-scattered electrons. A, autozooids and several giant avicularia, Broom Pit, NHM D50182. B, ovicellate zooids and giant suboral avicularium with details obscured by diagenetic cement, Aldeburgh Member, Aldeburgh Hall, NHM BZ 5643. C–F, NHM BZ 5676,?Ramsholt Member, Broom Pit. C, patch of colony dominated by ovicellate zooids. D, ovicells and normal suboral avicularia. E, orifice and normal suboral avicularium. F, giant triangular suboral avicularium. Scale bars: A = 280 Mm; B = 190 Mm; C = 520 Mm; D = 220 Mm; E = 60 Mm; F = 100 Mm.

Figure 10 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 10.?Pentapora lacryma sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimens from the Pliocene Red Crag Formation of Walton-on-Naze, Essex, England, imaged using back-scattered electrons. A, B, NHM D34979(a). A, autozooids and giant avicularia. B, broken ovicells and a giant avicularium (left). C, D, NHM D34979(b). C, autozooids with and without the outer aragonitic layer of the frontal shield. D, autozooid preserving the aragonite layer, sometimes merging across zooidal boundaries (arrow). Scale bars: A = 430 Mm; B = 210 Mm; C = 170 Mm; D = 160 Mm.

Figure 6 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 6. Pentapora fascialis (Pallas, 1766), scanning electron micrographs of uncoated fossil specimens imaged using backscattered electrons. A–C, Lower Pleistocene, Arda stream, Castell'Arquato, Piacenza, Emilia, Italy, NHM BZ 5669. A, colony fragment showing zooids with normal and giant avicularia, and ovicells overgrown by secondary calcification. B, giant avicularium in autozooid having primary orifice almost obscured by lappets forming a bridge. C, ovicell. D–F, Pliocene, Emilian, Gillina, Calabria, Italy. D, E, NHM BZ 5664. D, autozooids, showing normal avicularia and a giant avicularium, and a broken ovicell. E, ovicell. F, NHM BZ 5667. bases of oral spines (arrows). Scale bars: A = 300 Mm; B = 150 Mm; C, E = 120 Mm; D = 200 Mm; F = 110 Mm.

Figure 7 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 7. Pentapora ottomulleriana (Moll, 1803), Monterosso al Mare, Liguria, Italy, NHM 2007.9.14.16; scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimens imaged using back-scattered electrons. A, autozooids. B, ovicell. C, young zooids at the growing edge. D, autozooids and an avicularium. E, primary orifice. F, avicularium. Scale bars: A = 600 Mm; B = 100 Mm; C = 350 Mm; D = 200 Mm; E = 75 Mm; F = 130 Mm.

Figure 5 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 5. Pentapora fascialis (Pallas, 1766), scanning electron micrographs of uncoated recent specimens imaged using back-scattered electrons. A, B, Tino Island, Italy, NHM 2007.9.14.14. A, group of autozooids, some with ovicells. B, autozooidal orifice and giant suboral avicularium. C, D, Oran, Algeria, NHM 1963.9.4.8. C, edge of branch showing autozooids (most with normal suboral avicularia) and marginal kenozooids. D, orifice and normal suboral avicularium. E, F, reputedly from Port Western, South Australia, NHM 34.2.20.15. E, inferred predator boreholes (arrowed) in frontal shields. F, giant suboral avicularia. Scale bars: A = 280 Mm; B = 100 Mm; C = 470 Mm; D = 60 Mm; E = 300 Mm; F = 100 Mm.

Figure 4 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 4. Pentapora fascialis (Pallas, 1766), Tino Island, Italy, NHM 2007.9.14.14; scanning electron micrographs of coated specimens imaged using secondary electrons. A, autozooids. B, growing edge. C, primary orifice. D, oblique profile of normal suboral avicularium. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 0.4 mm; C = 100 Mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 3. Pentapora foliacea (Ellis & Solander, 1786); scanning electron micrographs of uncoated specimens imaged using back-scattered electrons. A–C, NHM 2009.1.28.2, Littlehampton, Sussex, England. A, young autozooids close to growing edge. B, older autozooids. C, primary orifice of a young autozooid. D, primary orifice, Boreray, St Kilda, Scotland, NHM 1985.1.10.54. E–F, Persier Reef, Plymouth, Devon, England, NHM 2007.9.14.2. E, young ovicell. F, older ovicell embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars: A = 290 Mm; B = 180 Mm; C, D = 60 Mm; E, F = 100 Mm.

Figure 2 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 2. Pentapora foliacea (Ellis & Solander, 1786), Skomer Nature Reserve, Watwick, Dyfed, Wales, NHM 2007.9.14.5; scanning electron micrographs of coated specimens imaged using secondary electrons. A, old autozooids. B, growing edge and a kenozooid (left of centre). C, primary orifice. D, ovicellate zooids. E, autozooids, many with small suboral avicularia. F, oblique profile of suboral avicularium. Scale bars: A, B = 0.4 mm; C = 150 Mm; D, E = 0.4 mm; F = 40 Mm.

Figure 1 in Systematics of the Miocene-Recent bryozoan genus Pentapora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 1. Large colonies of the cheilostome bryozoan Pentapora. A, eschariform colony of Pentapora foliacea (Ellis & Solander, 1786), British waters, NHM 2009.1.28.3. B, adeoniform colony of Pentapora fascialis (Pallas, 1766), NHM 2001.1.25.4, near Marseille. Scale bars: A = 4 cm; B = 2 cm.

FIGURE 3. Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n in Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp.-a new abyssal cyclostome bryozoan from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 3. Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50740. A–C, rotational views of capitulum; D, lateral view of capitulum periphery, showing relatively short, radially arranged peristomes connected with trabeculate network defining alveoli and extrazooidal spaces; E, frontal view of half the capitulum, showing distal third of gonozooid connected with marginal peristomes by narrow vertical ridges/trabeculae; F, oblique view of autozooidal peristome and aperture, showing dense spinose granulation of interior surfaces and less evident sparse tubercules on exterior; G, autozooidal peristome surrounded by alveoli and extrazooidal spaces; H, side-view of capitulum margin with peristomes surrounded by alveoli and extrazooidal spaces; note densely spinulate to granular surface of all capitulum structures contrasting with smooth surface of outer rim and column; I, vertical view of autozooidal aperture with dense spinose granulation around internal margin; J, frontal view of zooidal peristome with thin parallel ridges (continuations of spine-like marginal processes) and sparse circular communication pores on coarse tuberculated surface; K, enlargement of J, showing distal third of peristome with partially abraded/broken margin; L, close-up of K, showing irregularly-shaped crystallites flanking peristomial ridge and surrounding communication pores; M, close-up of J, showing basal part of peristome with imbricated foliated fabric of wedge-shaped crystallites; N, basal region of column, showing its smooth surface; note undulating basal margin of column, following micro-relief irregularities along attachment to substratum; O, enlargement of column surface, showing planar-spherulitic fabric of closely appressed acicular crystallites. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D, E, G, H, N, 100 µm; F, I–K, 50 µm; L, M, O, 25 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp.-a new abyssal cyclostome bryozoan from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 1. The eastern Russian exploration area of the CCFZ, with depth intervals ranging from 4510 m (orange) to 5280 m (purplish-blue), showing sampling stations for Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp.

FIGURE 2. Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n in Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp.-a new abyssal cyclostome bryozoan from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 2. Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50740. A–D, rotational views of fertile colony; E, capitulum with centrally located incubation chamber, covered and surrounded by network of ridges and alveoli, with radially arranged autozooidal peristomes at periphery; F, oblique view of colony attached to nodule particle; G, center to margin of capitulum, showing distal half of incubation chamber with ooeciopore, with trabecular ridges in-between, and connecting peristomes with gonozooid, encircling deep alveoli; H, gonozooid with numerous irregular pores within shallow alveoli on roof surface, surrounded by dense network of tuberculated ridges defining deep marginal alveoli; I–L, rotational views of gonozooid: I, distal, J, lateral, K, distolateral, and L, back-side view; note continuous cover of thick ridges, connected to trabecular network around peristomes; M, N, frontal and distal views of ooeciopore, respectively; O, close-up of L, showing shallow alveolus and coarse surface; P, enlargement of trabeculate ridge margin, showing imbricated foliated fabric of wedge-shaped crystallites; Q, enlargement of gonozooid wall, showing pore surrounded by wedge-shaped crystallites. Scale bars: A–F, 250 µm; G–L, 100 µm; M, N, 50 µm; O, P, 25 µm; Q, 5 µm.

FIGURE 4. Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n in Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp.-a new abyssal cyclostome bryozoan from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 4. Vasopora ceramica n. gen., n. sp. Specimen YMG4–17, Stn 381. A, general view of ancestrular colony with three mature zooids, attached to nodule particle, fractured along expanded base; B, base of colony, showing protoecial dome (central zooid with own basal wall) with ancestrular peristome emerging from its apex, and first daughter zooid also originating from protoecium laterally (precise place of its communication pore outside plane of section); note elongated marginal, radially arranged trabeculae separating tubular extrazooidal alveolar spaces and kenozooid-like chambers; C, same, tilted forward; note shortened trabeculae delineating oval to cubical kenozooid-like chambers, surrounding ancestrular peristome with first daughter zooid in arch-like pattern; D, enlargement of protoecial dome with ancestrular peristome emerging from its entire roof and first daughter zooid also originating from protoecium laterally; E, same, tilted forward; F, detail of protoecial dome. Scale bars: A, 250 µm; B, C, 100 µm; D–F, 50 µm.