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Fig. 1 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 1. Dentaries of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Douglass Quarry, Montana, USA. A. Holotype, left p4–m3, UM 83932 in occlusal (A1, stereophotograph) and buccal (A2) views. B. Right p4–m3 (reversed), UM 84535 in occlusal (B1, stereophotograph) and buccal (B2) views.

Fig. 4 in A new docodont mammal from the Late Jurassic of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationships of Docodonta based on lower molar characters. Single most parsimonious tree resulting from analysis (exhaustive search) of data matrix shown in Table 1. Tree length = 11, consistency index = 0.727, retention index = 0.850, rescaled consistency index = 0.618.

Fig. 5 in A new docodont mammal from the Late Jurassic of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China

Fig. 5. Occlusion of lower and upper molars during the chewing cycle (four phases) in superposition (A1–D1, left) and mesial aspect (A2–D2, right). In the superposition, the upper molar is drawn as if it were transparent. The phases of the chewing cycle were drawn after an experimental study with high precision epoxy casts. Arrows indicate direction of movement of lower molars. A. Initial contact. Cusp b of the lower molar contacts ridge A−C and moves dorso−medially towards the center of the upper molar (Phase 1). B. During this stage of the power stroke the volume between cusp b and cusps X−Y is compressed. A wear facet is produced at the buccal side of cusp b (Phase 2). C. Maximum occlusion. Cusp b fits snuggly into the deepest point of basin A−C−Y−X. Crest a−b fits into the deep valley of the distal margin of the upper molar between cusp Y and C. The inclined buccal side of cusp X meets the straight valley e−b−g (Phase 3). D. This stage of the power stroke reopens the jaws by a ventro−medial movement of the lower molar. Cusp X grinds along the straight valley e−b−g. This valley controls the movement of the lower molar and restricts it to a straight, transversal direction (Phase 4).

Fig. 3 in A new docodont mammal from the Late Jurassic of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China

Fig. 3. SEM prints of lower molars and premolar of Dsungarodon zuoi gen. et sp. nov., Liuhuanggou, early Late Jurassic (Oxfordian). A. SGP 21, right molar (holotype), in occlusal view (A1, stereo−pair), lingual (A2, A3), buccal (A4, A5), mesial (A6), and distal (A7) views. B. SGP 22 right ultimate molar, in occlusal (B1, stereo−pair), lingual (B2, B3), buccal (B4, B5), mesial (B6), and distal (B7) views. C. SGP 26, right premolar, in occlusal (C1, stereo−pair), lingual (C2), buccal (C3), mesial (C4), and distal (C5) views.

Fig. 1 in A new docodont mammal from the Late Jurassic of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China

Fig. 1. Restoration of right lower (A) and upper (B) molar of the new docodont with designation of cusps (occlusal view). Reconstructed broken areas are shaded. Cusp designation follows Butler (1988).

Fig. 5 in Discovery of Middle Jurassic mammals from Siberia

Fig. 5. Mammalia indet., Berezovsk Quarry, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia; Itat Formation, Middle Jurassic. PM TGU 200/3−BR−2, a tooth in lingual? (A) and labial? (B) views.

Fig. 3 in Discovery of Middle Jurassic mammals from Siberia

Fig. 3. Docodonta indet., Berezovsk Quarry, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia; Itat Formation, Middle Jurassic. Damaged bone is shown in dark grey, area occupied by Meckel's cartilage and postdentary is shown in light grey. PIN 5087/1, right dentary fragment, labial view (A, stereopair), lingual view (C, stereopair), and outline drawings (B, D). Anterior is to the bottom (A, B) and top (C, D).

Fig. 4 in Discovery of Middle Jurassic mammals from Siberia

Fig. 4. Docodonta indet., Berezovsk Quarry, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia; Itat Formation, Middle Jurassic. Damaged bone is shown in dark grey, area occupied by Meckel's cartilage and the postdentary bones is shown in light grey. PM TGU 200/3−BR−1, right dentary fragment, labial view (A, stereopair), lingual view (C, stereopair), and outline drawings (B, D). Anterior is to the bottom (A, B) and top (C, D).

Fig. 5 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 5. Upper teeth of Gingerichia hystrix gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Cochrane 2 locality, Alberta, Canada. A. Right M1?, UALVP 42546 in occlusal (A1), posterior (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. Right M1 or M2, UALVP 25063 in buccal view. C. Left M2? (reversed), UALVP 43088 in occlusal view. D. Right M1 or M2, UALVP 43084 in anterior view.

Fig. 1. A in Discovery of Middle Jurassic mammals from Siberia

Fig. 1. A. Geographic position of Berezovsk Quarry in West Siberia. B. Vicinity of Nikol'skoe village with the Berezovsk Quarry indicated by asterisk. C. Local geologic section consisting of coal of the Middle Member of Itat Formation (mI), layers 1–6 of the Upper Member of Itat Formation (see text for description), Palaeogene sands (P) and Quaternary loess (Q). Vertebrate remains come from the layers 3, 4, and 5.

Fig. 2 in Discovery of Middle Jurassic mammals from Siberia

Fig. 2. Docodonta indet., Berezovsk Quarry, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia; Itat Formation, Middle Jurassic. Damaged bone is shown in grey. A. PIN 5087/1, right dentary fragment, occlusal view (A1, stereopair) and outline drawing (A2). B. PM TGU 200/3−BR−1, right dentary fragment, occlusal view (B1, stereopair) and outline drawing (B2). Anterior is to the top.

Fig. 8 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 8. Phylogenetic relationships of "hyopsodontids," mioclaenids, and Aphronorus. A. Results with all characters unordered. B. Results with some characters ordered. In A, black lines represent the strict consensus of six trees, while in B, black lines represent the strict consensus of ten trees. In both trees, the gray line indicates the position of Aphronorus when that taxon is included. In both cases, with Aphronorus included, the number of most parsimonious trees remains the same, while inclusion of Aphronorus does not affect the topology of the remainder of the ingroup. See text for tree statistics. The consensus presented in B is our preferred tree. Named nodes correspond to the new classification proposed in this work.

Fig. 2 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 2. Lower teeth of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Douglass (A, C) and Glennie (B) quarries, both Montana, USA. A. Left m2, UM 84536 in buccal (A1), occlusal (A2), lingual (A3), anterior (A4) and posterior (A5) views. B. Left p4, UM 54890 in buccal (B1), occlusal (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. Right p2 or p3 (reversed), UM 83937 in buccal (C1), occlusal (C2), and lingual (C3) views.

Fig. 7 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 7. Comparison of phylogenetically significant dental features in Apheliscidae, Hyopsodus, and other Hyopsodontidae to illustrate the differences between apheliscids and hyopsodontids. A. Litomylus dissentaneus, left m2, USNM 9318 (Torrejonian, Montana, USA). B. Phenacodaptes sabulosus, left m2, YPM:PU 19504 (Tiffanian, Wyoming, USA). C. Aletodon gunnelli, right M2, UM 63307 (Clarkforkian, Wyoming, USA). D. Hyopsodus latidens, left m2, USNM 525587 (Wasatchian, Wyoming, USA). E. Hyopsodus latidens, right M2, USNM 525388 (Wasatchian, Wyoming, USA). F. Choeroclaenus turgidunculus, left m2, USNM 15465 (Puercan, New Mexico, USA). G. Promioclaenus lemuroides, left m2, USNM 407572 (Torrejonian, New Mexico, USA). H. Litaletes disjunctus, right M2, USNM 9324 (Torrejonian, Montana, USA). The left column compares paraconids (asterisk) on left m2 in occlusal (A1, D1, F1) and lingual (A2, D2, F2) views. The D3 represents the oblique anterobuccal view of the tooth figured also in D1 and D2. The paraconid is low and median in apheliscids but tall, lingual, and basally fused with the metaconid in hyopsodontids. The center column compares postentocristids on left m2 in oblique anterobuccal view. The postentocristid is notched between the hypoconulid and entoconid in apheliscids, while it forms a smooth crest between the hypoconulid and entoconid in hyopsodontids. The right column compares the positions of the anterior cingulum (ant. cing.) and posterior cingulum (post. cing.) on right M2 in lingual view. In apheliscids, both cingula arise from the same level on the base of the protocone, while in hyopsodontids, the posterior cingulum arises higher on the protocone than does the anterior cingulum. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 1. Comparison of os calcaris in a Recent monotreme and a Cretaceous multituberculate. A. The left tarsus of monotreme Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799), ZMO 11793, an adult male, showing the well−preserved venomous cornu calcaris facing medially. B. Proximal part of the left tarsus of Catopsbaatar catopsaloides (Kielan−Jaworowska, 1974), showing os calcaris in proximal view. PM 120/107, Late Cretaceous red beds of Hermiin Tsav, (?late Campanian), Hermiin Tsav I, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Note the roughly triangular shape of os calcaris in C. catopsaloides and its undulating surface, indicating the presence of cornu calcaris upon it.

Fig. 5 in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 5. Diagrammatical drawings of two skeletons of Mesozoic mammals from lacustrine sediments, re−drawn and simplified from the published drawings. Limb bones are shaded in grey. The arrow points to os calcaris. Both skeletons show sprawling posture. They are preserved dorso−ventrally compressed and exposed in ventral views, showing abducted limbs (as those in Jehol Biota, illustrated in Fig. 4A–F). A. Castorocauda lutrasimilis Ji Q., Luo, Yuan, and Tabrum, 2006, a Middle Jurassic docodontan from north−west China, in ventral view, based on Ji Q. et al. (2006: fig. 1b). B. Henkelotherium guimarotae Krebs, 1991, a "eupantotherian" from the Kimmeridgian of Portugal, in ventral view, based on Henkel and Krebs (1977). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3. A in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 3. A comparison of the state of preservation of the skeletons of two Early Cretaceous mammals from the Yixian Formation of Jehol Biota in China (A, B), and an Eocene eutherian mammal from Messel in Germany (C), all preserved in lacustrine sediments. A. "Symmetrodontan" Zhangheotherium quinquecuspidens Hu, Wang Y.−Q., Luo, and Li Ch.−K., 1997 (cast of IVPP V7466). B. Early eutherian Eomaia scansoria Ji Q., Luo, Yuan, Wible, Hang, and Georgi, 2002. (CAGS 01−IG−1). C. Amphilemurine insectivore Macrocranion tupaiodon Weitzel, 1949 (PMO 207.791). Eomaia and Macrocranion are eutherians with parasagittal limbs and are preserved lying on their sides, Zhangheotherium belongs to "symmetrodontans" with sprawling limbs and has been preserved in a position characteristic of animals with sprawling posture, lying on its back. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal

Fig. 2. Reconstruction of the posture of the Late Cretaceous multituberculate Catopsbaatar catopsaloides (Kielan−Jaworowska, 1974) from the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, as a plantigrade mammal with sprawling limbs. Skull length is about 60 mm. The size of the spur has been reconstructed based on the length of the male spur in Ornithorhynchus in comparison to the length of the foot. The animal is reconstructed in aggressive position, ready for attack, with mobile spurs projecting medially. (Artwork by Bogusław Waksmundzki.)

Fig. 4 in Late Cretaceous asioryctitherian eutherian mammals from Uzbekistan and phylogenetic analysis of Asioryctitheria

Fig. 4. Stereopairs of Daulestes inobservabilis (Nessov, 1982); Dzharakuduk, Uzbekistan, Late Cretaceous (Turonian). URBAC 03−88, left dentary with p5, m1–3 (ventral margin is damaged and thus not shown); in labial (A), occlusal (B), and lingual (C) views.

Fig. 11 in Late Cretaceous asioryctitherian eutherian mammals from Uzbekistan and phylogenetic analysis of Asioryctitheria

Fig. 11. Stereopairs of composite occlusal views of M1's and M2's. All specimens from Dzharakuduk, Uzbekistan, Late Cretaceous (Turonian). A. Uchkudukodon nessovi (McKenna, Kielan−Jaworowska, and Meng, 2000) (URBAC 98−124, left M1 reversed and URBAC 03−213, right M2). B. Daulestes kulbeckensis Trofimov and Nessov, 1979 (URBAC 98−126, probably associated lingual and labial parts of a left M1, reversed and URBAC 98−127, a right M2 lacking the metacone). C. Daulestes inobservabilis (Nessov, 1982) (URBAC 02−91, right M1 and URBAC 98−140, left M2, reversed). D. Bulaklestes kezbe Nessov, 1985 (ZIN 82591, left M1 lacking paracone, reversed).