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opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Restoring function: positive responses of carbon and nitrogen to 20 years of hydrologic restoration in montane meadows

Montane meadows are highly productive ecosystems that contain high densities of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). However, anthropogenic disturbances that lead to channel incision and disconnected floodplain hydrology have altered the C balance of many meadows, converting them from net C sinks to net sources of C to the atmosphere. Restoration efforts designed to reconnect floodplain hydrology may slow rates of soil C loss from degraded meadows and restore conditions for C sequestration and N immobilization, yet questions remain about the long-term impact of such efforts. Here, we used a 22-year meadow restoration chronosequence to measure the decadal impact of hydrologic restoration on above- and belowground C and N stocks and concentrations. Increases in herbaceous vegetation biomass preceded changes in soil C stocks, with the largest gains occurring belowground. Root biomass (0-15 cm) increased at a rate of 270.3 g m-2 y-1 and soil C stocks (0-15 cm) increased by 232.9 g C m-2 y-1 across the chronosequence. Increases in soil C concentration (2.99 g C kg-1 y-1) were tightly coupled with increases in soil N concentration (0.21 g N kg-1 y-1) and soil C:N did not vary with time since restoration. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy results show that the fraction of labile aliphatic C-H and carboxylate C-O (COO) compounds in the soil increased with age of restoration and were positively correlated with soil C and N concentration. Our results demonstrate that restoration of floodplain hydrology in montane meadows has significant impacts on belowground C and N stocks, soil C and N concentration, and soil C chemistry within the first two decades following restoration.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Data for "Ecosystem restoration job creation potential in Brazil"

Main dataset of the paper "Ecosystem restoration job creation potential in Brazil", published in People and Nature

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Restoring faith in conservation action: maintaining wild genetic diversity through the Tasmanian devil insurance program

Conservation breeding programs aim to maintain 90% wild genetic diversity, but rarely assess functional diversity. Here, we compare both genome-wide and functional diversity (in over 500 genes) of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) within the insurance metapopulation and across the species' range (64,519 km2). Populations have declined by 80% since 1996 due to a contagious cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). However, predicted local extinctions have not occurred. Recent suggestions of selection for "resistance" alleles in the wild precipitated concerns that insurance population devils may be unsuitable for translocations. Using 830 wild samples collected at 31 locations between 2012-2021, and 553 insurance metapopulation devils, we show that the insurance metapopulation is representative of current wild genetic diversity. Allele frequencies at DFTD-associated loci were not substantially different between captive and wild devils. Methods presented here are valuable for others investigating evolutionary potential in threatened species, particularly ones under significant selective pressures.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Mechanism matters: the cause of fluctuations in boom-bust populations governs optimal habitat restoration strategy

Many populations exhibit boom-bust dynamics in which abundance fluctuates dramatically over time. Past research has focused on identifying whether the cause of fluctuations is primarily exogenous, e.g., environmental stochasticity coupled with weak density dependence, or endogenous, e.g., over-compensatory density dependence. Far fewer studies have addressed whether the mechanism responsible for boom-bust dynamics matters with respect to at-risk species management. Here, we ask whether the best strategy for restoring habitat across a landscape differs under exogenously versus endogenously driven boom-bust dynamics. We used spatially explicit individual-based models to assess how butterfly populations governed by the two mechanisms would respond to habitat restoration strategies that varied in the level of resource patchiness – from a single large patch to multiple patches spaced at different distances. Our models showed that the restoration strategy that minimized extinction risk and boom-bust dynamics would be markedly different depending on the governing mechanism. Exogenously governed populations fared best in a single large habitat patch, whereas for endogenously driven populations, boom-bust dynamics were dampened and extinction risk declined when the total restored area was split into multiple patches with low to moderate inter-patch spacing. Adding environmental stochasticity to the endogenous model did not alter this result. Habitat fragmentation lowered extinction risk in the endogenously driven populations by reducing their growth rate, precluding both "boom" phases and, more importantly, "bust" phases. Our findings suggest that: 1) successful restoration will depend on understanding the causes of fluctuations in at-risk populations; 2) the level and pattern of spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity will also affect the ideal management approach; and 3) counter-intuitively, for at-risk species with endogenously governed boom-bust dynamics, lowering the intrinsic population growth rate may decrease extinction risk.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Plant and pollinator interactions from British Columbia from Oak Savannah, Shrub-Steppe, and restored hedgerows

This dataset contains the data analyzed in "Guzman, L.M., Chamberlain, S. and Elle, E. (2021) Network robustness and structure depends on the phenological characteristics of plants and pollinators. Ecology and Evolution" The data comprises plant-pollinator interactions collected in three ecosystems (Oak Savannah, Shrub-Steppe and restored hedgerows) from British Columbia. These three vegetation types comprised three different studies. The average distance between sites within studies was 19km, 18km and 29km for the oak savannah, shrub-steppe and hedgerows respectively. For simplicity we use "pollinator" throughout this paper to refer to insects and hummingbirds observed visiting flowers and contacting reproductive organs, although their effectiveness at transfer of pollen has not been assessed. The networks were comprised largely of bees, with wasps and hoverflies also common. Less common were butterflies and beetles. The plants were largely forbs with some shrubs; insect-pollinated trees were not sampled for largely logistical reasons of tree height but tended to be uncommon in these ecosystems.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Observational foraging behaviour of avian pollinators in restored and remnant Banksia woodlands

Pollinators, and the pollination services they provide, are critical for seed set and self-sustainability of most flowering plants. Despite this, pollinators are rarely assessed in restored plant communities, where their services are largely assumed to re-establish. This data set contains the bird-pollinator richness, foraging and bird interaction behaviour between natural and restored Banksia woodland sites in Western Australia. These parameters were measured for natural communities of varying size and degree of fragmentation, and restored plant communities of high and low complexity for three years, in the summer and winter flowering of Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii, respectively. Data collected was used to assess the re-establishment of avian pollinators in restored sites.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008). in Muridae

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008).

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

The power of vision: Calibration of auditory space after sight restoration from congenital cataracts

Early visual deprivation typically also results in impaired spatial cognition in the other sensory modalities (e.g., audition). It has been suggested that this happens because, since vision provides the most accurate spatial information, it is also used as a reference for calibrating space in the other sensory modalities during development. Here we found that sight restoration after several years of early-onset visual deprivation can lead to the development of more accurate and precise auditory space perception. In two experiments we assessed auditory space perception in individuals who suffered from congenital bilateral cataracts and got surgically treated for sight restoration several years after birth.

opennotspecifiedApr 2005View details →

FIGURE 5. Rhopalomenia glandulosa n in Rhopalomenia glandulosa spec. nov., and the restoration of Entonomenia Leloup (Mollusca: Solenogastres)

FIGURE 5. Rhopalomenia glandulosa n.sp., details of crosssections. A–C Three successive sections from anterior to posterior through outleading ducts of ventrolateral foregut glandular organs; bar = 20 µm. D Epithelium of dorsolateral foregut glands (type C or intraepithelial) with brushlike ciliation; bar = 20 µm. E–F Sole glands opening at beginning mantle cavity opening (E) and laterally of mantle cavity opening (F); bar = 20 µm. Abbreviations: A = duct of organ type A, C = duct of organ type C, Ed = common duct of types A and C organs, sg = sole glands, R = radula sheath, Vfg C = foregut glandular organ type C.

FIGURE 27. A in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 27. A. Absorbent purified cotton wool wrapped on skewer. B. Coverslips 24 mm x 24 mm with paraffin rings ready for mounting each specimen in a drop of glycerol on a Cobb aluminum slide. C, D. Slide mounting device for Cobb aluminum slides. E. Storage of labels in 4-flap paper envelopes filed in cardboard boxes provided by Klug Conservation. F, G. Storage of labels in Secol polyester slide and negative film preserver sheets housed in a custom-made cardboard file system made by Klug Conservation. Note certificate of deacidification with Bookkeeper™ in front of the labels (F) and sheet of paper behind labels in polyester envelope (G). H, I. Restoration of a microscope slide by soaking the slide in distilled water on a hot plate in the lower part of a Petri dish (Pd) covered with a watch glass (wg) before (H) and after removal of labels and their storage under the top of the Petri dish (I, toPd). Note drops of water dripping back into lower Petri dish (I).

FIGURE 26 in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 26. Chemical structure of ingredients of shellac from the hemipteran Kerria lacca and related species.

FIGURE 23 in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 23. Chemical structure of monoterpenes, seaquiterpenes, and more volatile ingredients of gum mastic from Pistacia lentiscus.

FIGURE 21 in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 21. Chemical structure of the ingredients of gum colophony (= rosin, Greek pitch) from various species of Pinus.

FIGURE 20. A-F in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 20. A-F. Kinorhyncha mounted in Fluoromount G™ between 2002 and 2008 (A, B), 2003 and 2007 (C, D: same slide), and 2006 and 2010 (E) by Sørensen (A-E) and 1999 and 2012 by Herranz (F). Currently not affected mounting medium (mo) with severe deterioration like cavities (ca), platelet-like (A), rectangularly growing (B-D), radially growing (B-E, arrowheads), small chaotic (D) crystals (cy), and segregation of ingredients of mounting medium resulting in formation of bubbles (F). Specimens marked by asterisks. A, DF: DIC; B, C: bright field illumination. Scalebars: A, E, 300 µm; B, C, 2 mm; D, 500 µm; F, 200 µm.

FIGURE 18. A in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 18. A. Polychaete in glycerol-gelatin with unharmed medium (mo), formation of cavities (ca), and coverslip cracked above specimen (arrowheads). B-H. Kinorhyncha mounted in polyvinyl lactophenol between 1985 and 1990 by Neuhaus, unringed; currently not affected mounting medium (mo) and areas at different stages of deterioration with extensive cavities (ca), drops of fluid (fl; B, F), and formation of different kinds of crystals (cy). B, C. Overview of damage on two slides. Arrowheads mark specimens. D-F. Details of radially growing (D, F), rectangularly growing (F, H), leaf-like (D, E, G), and tree-like (H) crystals. A-C: bright field illumination; D-H: DIC. Scalebars: A-C, 5 mm; D-H, 500 µm.

FIGURE 19. A-D in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 19. A-D. Kinorhyncha mounted in polyvinyl lactophenol between 1985 and 1990 by Neuhaus, unringed; currently not affected mounting medium (mo) and areas at different stages of deterioration with extensive cavities (ca) and formation of different kinds of crystals (cy). Specimens marked by asterisk. E, F. Aphidina mounted in Polyviol; now deteriorating with cavities and crystals. A-F: DIC. Scalebars: A-D, 500 µm.

FIGURE 17. A-F in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 17. A-F. Kinorhyncha mounted in Permount™ between 1964 and 1968 by Higgins; intermediate stage of deterioration with incomplete crack coverage (A: see also same slide in Fig. 15J), and final stages with entirely cracked and whitish (B, C: see also same slide in Fig. 15E) or yellowish (D-F: see also same slide in Fig. 15F) mounting medium. Cracks at specimen (E) and at margin of coverslip (F). Arrowheads mark specimens. A, C: DIC; B, D: bright field illumination; E, F: dark field illumination. Scalebars: A, C, E, F, 500 µm; B, D, 5 mm.

FIGURE 15. A, B. Liquid mounts, mostly dry except for 1 in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 15. A, B. Liquid mounts, mostly dry except for 1st slide in A with central gas bubble (white arrowhead) and B; mounted probably in formaldehyde about 1913 (A) and about 1897 by Rousselet (B). Notice precipitations in A (black arrowheads) and inner coverslip seal of foamy brownish structure (B, asterisk). C. Kinorhynch mounted in Aquatex® between 1985 and 1990 by Neuhaus showing cracks in the medium. D. Part of Aphidina mounted in Caedax with numerous small bright crystals. E, F. Aphidina mounted in Canada balsam 1907 by Heymont (E) and in Celochloral in 1965 by Göllner-Scheiding (F). Notice yellowed mounting medium in periphery of coverslips. G, H. Kinorhynch mounted in CMCP-10 in 1992 by Neuhaus. Notice crystals near specimen (arrows in G) and in periphery of coverslip (H). I, J. Histological sections mounted in DPX in the 1980s in the lab of Sluys. Notice crystals at a distance from section (I), enlarged in J. A, B, E, F: macro lens; C, D, G-J: DIC. Scalebars: A, B, E, F 2 cm; C, G-I, 500 µm; D, 300 µm; J, 50 µm.

FIGURE 16. A-C in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 16. A-C. Aphidina mounted in lactophenol gum about 1950 by Heinze, overview (A) and enlargements with cracked and darkened medium (B, C) with crystals (C). D-J. Kinorhyncha mounted in Permount™ between 1964 and 1968 by Higgins; early stage of deterioration with initial cracks (G-I), intermediate stage with incomplete crack coverage (D, J: see also same slide in Fig. 16A), and final stages with entirely cracked and whitish (E: see also same slide in Fig. 16B, C) or yellowish (F: see also Fig. 16D-F; same slide) mounting medium. Arrowheads mark specimens. A, D-F: macro lens; B, G, J: bright field illumination; C, H, I: DIC. Scalebars: A, D-F, 2 cm; B, G, J, 5 mm; C, H, 300 µm; I, 200 µm.

FIGURE 14 in Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations

FIGURE 14. Chemical structure of various chemicals such as clearing agents, macerating agents, plasticizer, and organic solvents used for microscope slide preparation, part 2. Et, ethyl; n-Bu, n-butyl; OBu, butoxy.