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FIGURE 3 in Reexamination of the taxonomic status of Coladenia agni (de Nicéville, [1884]) from Hainan, China reveals a new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)
FIGURE 3. Genitalia of Coladenia agni huanghaoi ssp. nov. A: Male genitalia. B: Female genitalia. la = lateral view, lo = oblique lateral view, ds = dorsal view, vs = ventral view, po = posterior view.
FIGURE 2 in Reexamination of the taxonomic status of Coladenia agni (de Nicéville, [1884]) from Hainan, China reveals a new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)
FIGURE 2. Magnified scales of some specialized structures. A: underside of the palpi, P1+2 = the first two segments of palpi, P3 = the third segment of palpi, P i = inside of P1+2, Po = outside of P1+2. B: inside of the hind tibiae and end of the abdomen. Scale for Fig. 2B.
FIGURE 6 in Reexamination of the taxonomic status of Coladenia agni (de Nicéville, [1884]) from Hainan, China reveals a new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)
FIGURE 6. Distributional map of Coladenia agni. T = type locality. Source from references in Material and methods.
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. gymnocercus Fischer, 1814 — subtropical grasslands of NE Argentina, SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Pg. antiquus Ameghino, 1889 — Pampas grasslands, monte scrublands, and open woodlands of C Argentina. P. g. lordi Massoia, 1982 — Chaco-montane tropical forest ecotone in NW Argentina (Salta & Jujuy Provinces). The subspecific status of the Pampas Fox from Entre Rios Province in Argentina remains unclear, and there are no data regarding the taxonomic position of Bolivian foxes. in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. gymnocercus Fischer, 1814 — subtropical grasslands of NE Argentina, SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Pg. antiquus Ameghino, 1889 — Pampas grasslands, monte scrublands, and open woodlands of C Argentina. P. g. lordi Massoia, 1982 — Chaco-montane tropical forest ecotone in NW Argentina (Salta & Jujuy Provinces). The subspecific status of the Pampas Fox from Entre Rios Province in Argentina remains unclear, and there are no data regarding the taxonomic position of Bolivian foxes.
FIGURE 5 in The taxonomic status of Cryptobatrachus frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Serranía del Perijá
FIGURE 5. Colour variation of Cryptobatrachus pedroruizi from Colombia (A–C, all from El Molino, La Guajira) and Venezuela (D–F, all from Cerro Las Antenas, Zulia). Photos: F.L. Meza-Joya (A–C) and F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (D–F).
FIGURE 4 in The taxonomic status of Cryptobatrachus frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Serranía del Perijá
FIGURE 4. Box plot showing tympanum diameter, eye diameter, and body ratios comparisons among adult Cryptobatrachus frogs from Serranía del Perijá. Boxes represent the range of proportions (maximum and minimum values) and mean values. None of the observed differences were statistically significant, except for the E-N/ED ratio between C. conditus and C. remotus (adjusted p-value = 0.01). Abbreviations: C. conditus (C. c), C. pedroruizi (C. p) and C. remotus (C. r).
FIGURE 3 in The taxonomic status of Cryptobatrachus frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Serranía del Perijá
FIGURE 3. Results of the Principal Components Analyses (Component 1 against Component 2 and Component 1 against Component 3) using size-corrected morphological measurements from males (A, B) and females (C, D) of Cryptobatrachus frogs from the Serranía del Perijá: C. conditus (pink circles), C. pedroruizi (green triangles) and C. remotus (blue squares). The percentage of the variance explained is indicated in parentheses. The largest symbols indicate centroids. Confidence ellipses (90 %) for the scores of each species are shown.
FIGURE 2 in The taxonomic status of Cryptobatrachus frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Serranía del Perijá
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Cryptobatrachus based on DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Numbers on nodes represent ultra-fast bootstrap support (UFB). Only values above 85 % are shown. Photo: F.L. Meza-Joya.
FIGURE 1 in The taxonomic status of Cryptobatrachus frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae) from the Serranía del Perijá
FIGURE 1. Map of northern South America showing known localities for Cryptobatrachus frogs in the Sierra del Perijá. The blue polygon indicates the geographic distribution of C. pedroruizi as here proposed. Abbreviations: Mole (molecular data), Morpho (Morphological data). Photo: F.L. Meza-Joya.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic status and typification of the neglected name Calamagrostis vinealis (Poaceae, Agrostidinae)
FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Calamagrostis vinealis, P (P02142817)—the left-hand specimen on the sheet. Image courtesy of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (France) (https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p02142817).
Integrative taxonomic analysis to reveal the species status of Bombus flavidus, combining COI and nuclear sequencing, wing morphometrics and secretions used for mate attraction as well as patterns of color polymorphism
<p>Bumble bees, due to their morphological monotony and color diversity, have presented difficulties with species delimitation. Recent bumble bee declines have made it ever more imperative to resolve the status of species to address conservation concerns. Some of the taxa found to be most threatened are the often-rare socially parasitic bumble bees, which have additional trophic requirements. Among the socially parasitic bumble bees,<i> Bombus flavidus</i> Eversmann has contentious species status. While multiple separate species allied with <i>Bombus flavidus</i> have been suggested, until recently, recognition of two species, a Nearctic <i>Bombus fernaldae</i> (Franklin) and Palearctic <i>B. flavidus,</i> was favoured. Limited genetic data, however, suggested that even these could be a single widespread species, <i>B. flavidus</i>. We addressed the species status of this lineage using an integrative taxonomic approach, combining <i>COI</i> and nuclear sequencing, wing morphometrics and secretions used for mate attraction. We also explore patterns of color polymorphism that have previously confounded taxonomy in this lineage. Our results support the conspecific status of <i>Bombus fernaldae</i> and <i>Bombus flavidus,</i> however, sampling specimens from across the range of these two taxa revealed a distinct population within this broader species confined to eastern North America. This makes the distribution of the social parasite <i>B. flavidus</i> the broadest of any bumble bee, broader than the known distribution of any non-parasitic bumble bee species. Analysis of color phenotypes revealed that color polymorphisms are retained across the range of the species, but may be influenced by local mimicry complexes. Following these results, <i>Bombus flavidus</i> Eversmann, 1852<i> </i>is synonymized with <i>Bombus fernaldae </i>(Franklin, 1911) <b>syn. nov.</b> and a subspecific status, <i>Bombus flavidus </i><i>appalachiensis</i> <b>ssp. nov.</b>, is assigned to the distinct lineage ranging from the Appalachians to the eastern boreal regions of the United States and far southeastern Canada.</p>
Appendix. The status of global taxonomic checklist preparation for flowering plant families (based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II but modified to reflect circumscriptions of existing checklists). If a checklist is complete and available on the Internet then the URL is also given. The species numbers (sp. no.) given are either based on actual working lists (WL) where they exist or are based on Stevens (2006) if no WL is available. Five categories are used to describe the status of a particular working list: 1, checklist complete and accessible via the Internet now; 2, checklist available on Internet by end of 2007 (Asteraceae 2010); 3, checklist complete but not online; 4, some online lists giving partial coverage may be available; 5, no global checklist being compiled so far as known. in Towards Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: A working list of all known plant species - Progress and prospects
Appendix. The status of global taxonomic checklist preparation for flowering plant families (based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II but modified to reflect circumscriptions of existing checklists). If a checklist is complete and available on the Internet then the URL is also given. The species numbers (sp. no.) given are either based on actual working lists (WL) where they exist or are based on Stevens (2006) if no WL is available. Five categories are used to describe the status of a particular working list: 1, checklist complete and accessible via the Internet now; 2, checklist available on Internet by end of 2007 (Asteraceae 2010); 3, checklist complete but not online; 4, some online lists giving partial coverage may be available; 5, no global checklist being compiled so far as known.
FIG. 17 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)
FIG. 17. — Xanthopan morganii: trend of increasing proboscis length with moth size (2nd order polynomial trendline made with Excel). – x-axis: forewing length (cm); y-axis: proboscis length (cm). – data points correspond to average values; the standard deviation for a given point is represented by a vertical line.
FIG. 15 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)
FIG. 15. — Proboscis length values in relation to size (estimated using forewing length), in males and females of Xanthopan morganii.
FIG. 16 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)
FIG. 16. — Proboscis length values in relation to size (estimated using forewing length), in males and females of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov.
FIG. 14 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)
FIG. 14. — Histogram showing proboscis length variability in Xanthopan morganii and X. praedicta stat. nov. (orange and blue bars respectively).
FIG. 11 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)
FIG. 11. — Signa of specimens of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (a-c) and X. morganii (d-h). – a, Amber Mountain. – b, Antananarivo. – c, Ranomafana, west of Ifanadiana. – d, Tsoundzou, Mayotte. – e, La Maboke, Central African Republic. – f, Gabon. – g, DRC (Zaire). – h, Ivory Coast. – same magnification for a-h.
FIG. 13 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)
FIG. 13. — Two males of Xanthopan with unrolled proboscides. – small specimen: X. morganii, Tsoundzou, Mayotte (proboscis length: 9 cm – forewing length: 4.7 cm). – large specimen: X. praedicta stat. nov., Ranomena, east of Ambositra (proboscis length: 28 cm – forewing length: 7 cm). Both specimens: RCPB.
FIG. 10 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)
FIG. 10. — Corpus bursae in specimens of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (a, b) and X. morganii (c-e) (lateral views). – a, Antananarivo. – b, Ranomafana, west of Ifanadiana. – c, Tsoundzou, Mayotte. – d, La Maboke, Central African Republic. – e, Gabon. – x: depth of posterior pouch; y: total length of corpus bursae. – same magnification for a-e.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.