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2,837 results for “Climate Data”
Data supplement for: Agreement of analytical and simulation-based estimates of the required land depth in climate models
<p>Many current-generation climate models have land components that are too shallow. Under climate change conditions, the long-term warming trend at the surface propagates deeper into the ground than the commonly used 3-10m. Shallow models alter the terrestrial heat storage and distribution of temperatures in the subsurface, influencing the simulated land-atmosphere interactions. Previous studies focusing on annual timescales suggest that deeper models are required to match subsurface-temperature observations and the classic analytical heat conduction solution. However, for a systematic investigation of land-model deepening in the frame of anthropogenic climate change, the classic analytical solution is inaccurate because it does not mimic the timescale and amplitude of the simulated warming trend. This study intends to bridge the gap between analytical and simulation-based estimates of the subsurface thermodynamic state by adapting the classic analytical framework to mimic long-term anthropogenic warming. The analysis shows that a land-model depth of at least 170m is recommended for a proper simulation of the post-1850 ground climate, which differs up to 30% from the estimate of the classic approach. Compared to previous studies, this provides an accurate estimate of the required land model depth for long-term climate-change simulations and indicates the relative bias in insufficiently deep land models.</p>
Code and figure data from "Projections of northern hemisphere extratropical climate underestimate internal variability and hence uncertainty"
<p>Code and figure data from "Projections of northern hemisphere extratropical climate underestimate internal variability and hence uncertainty".</p>
Machine learning-based evidence and attribution mapping of 100,000 climate impact studies - Data
<p>Data for the paper Machine learning-based evidence and attribution mapping of 100,000 climate impact studies</p> <p><strong>Document Metadata</strong></p> <p>0c_doc_info.csv contains basic document metadata for each document considered in our study</p> <p><strong>Predictions</strong></p> <p>In each predictions file, 1 refers to a document hand-labelled as belonging to a category, and 0 refers to a document hand-labelled as not belonging to a category. All values in between are predicted values, where for values greater than 0.5, a document is considered likely to belong to the given category.</p> <p>1_document_relevance.csv contains the predicted relevance of a document to the study.</p> <p>1_driver_predictions.csv contains the predicted climate driver of each document.</p> <p>1_impact_predictions.csv contains the predicted impact type of each document</p> <p><strong>Geographical data</strong></p> <p>Place_df.csv contains a row for each geographical entity automatically extracted from each study</p> <p>Study_gridcell_2.5.csv contains a row matching each study with each grid cell covered by the study’s smallest mentioned geographical entity</p> <p><strong>Merged data</strong></p> <p>2_study_da.csv contains a row for each study describing the aggregated detection and attribution characteristics of the grid cells the study refers to</p> <p>2_merged_da_data.csv contains a row for each grid cell describing the attribution categories and the number of weighted grid cells for each climate driver.</p>
Data from: Predicting range shifts of pikas (Mammalia, Ochotonidae) in China under scenarios incorporating land-use change, climate change, and dispersal limitations
<p><span>Two of the most important forces affecting biodiversity are land-use change (LUC) and global climate change (GCC). Previous studies have modeled their impacts on species separately and together, but few have done so for multiple species with dispersal limitations incorporated into the models.</span></p> <p><span>We integrate species distribution models plus a dispersal model to predict LUC and GCC impacts on the ranges of five species of pikas in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region of China. Pikas are sensitive to land-use and climate change, and have limited dispersal abilities.</span></p> <p><span>The predicted impacts of LUC and GCC on pikas vary between species as well as between LUC and GCC projections. Incorporation of dispersal limitations appreciably restricts the amount of colonized habitat. For all five species, the amount of habitat abandoned or colonized when LUC and GCC are modeled together is less than the sum of LUC and GCC modeled separately. Three of the five species experience a net increase in occupied habitat by 2080 relative to their current ranges under all modeled projections. However, relative to a "Dispersal Only" baseline scenario that assumes no environmental change but continued range expansion into suitable, unoccupied habitat, all five species suffer a net loss of occupied habitat by 2080 under some or all projections.</span></p> <p><span>Predictions of future distributions of species based solely on LUC or GCC, as well as predictions assuming additive impacts, can be misleading. Inclusion of dispersal limitations in models markedly alters predicted future distributions of species. The use of a "Dispersal Only" scenario provides a different and perhaps more accurate way to gauge net impacts to species. Future work should consider incorporating all these parameters to better predict the impacts of LUC and GCC on biodiversity.</span></p>
Data from: Rapid microgeographic evolution in response to climate change
<p>Environmental change is predicted to accelerate into the future and will exert strong selection pressure on biota. While many species may be fated to extinction, others may survive through their capacity to evolve rapidly at highly localized (i.e. microgeographic) scales. Yet, even as new examples have been discovered, the limits to such evolutionary responses have not often been evaluated. One of the first examples of microgeographic variation involved pond populations of wood frogs (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>). Although separated by just tens to hundreds of meters, these populations exhibited countergradient variation in intrinsic embryonic development rates when reared in a common garden. We repeated this experiment 17 years (approx. 6-9 generations) later and found that microgeographic variation persists in contemporary populations. Furthermore, we found that contemporary embryos have evolved to develop 14% to 19% faster than those in 2001. Structural equation models indicate that the predominant cause for this response is likely due to changes in climate over the intervening 17 years. Despite potential for rapid and fine-scale evolution, demographic declines in populations experiencing the greatest changes in climate and habitat imply a limit to the species' ability to mitigate extreme environmental change.</p>
Data for: Ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic: A synthesis of current scientific evidence and opportunities
<p>File contains the results of a literature review on the ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic.</p>
Data from: Current distributions and future climate‐driven changes in diatoms, insects and fish in U.S. streams
<span>Aim</span> <p class="abstract_para">Biodiversity on Earth is threatened by climate change. Despite the vulnerability of freshwater habitats to human impacts, most climate change projections have focused on terrestrial systems. Here, we examined how the current distributions and biodiversity of stream taxa might change under mitigated, stabilizing and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.</p> <span>Location</span> <p class="abstract_para">Conterminous USA.</p> <span>Time period</span> <p class="abstract_para">Present day to 2070.</p> <span>Major taxa studied</span> <p class="abstract_para">Stream diatoms, insects and fish.</p> <span>Methods</span> <p class="abstract_para">We developed species distribution models for 336 freshwater taxa from 1,227 distinct stream localities using water chemistry, watershed and climatic variables. Models based only on climate were used to project changes in the distributions and biodiversity of cold‐ versus warm‐water taxa under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) ranging from 2.6 to 8.5 W/m<sup>2</sup>.</p> <span>Results</span> <p class="abstract_para">In all three organismal groups, climate emerged as the strongest predictor of species distributions, providing comparable explanatory power to water chemistry and watershed variables combined. The RCP‐based projections suggested a widespread expansion of warm‐water taxa, outpacing the decline of cold‐water taxa. Consequently, overall species richness would increase, but beta diversity would decrease drastically with the severity of climate change. A closer look at individual taxa and functional guilds revealed that vulnerable cold‐water taxa included: (a) diatom guilds forming the base and bulk of the biofilm; (b) environmentally sensitive insects, characteristic of unimpacted streams; and (c) ecologically and recreationally important salmonids, which were forecast to diminish dramatically in source habitats. Warm‐water fish projected to increase their distributions include bait bucket release minnows and dominant predators.</p> <span>Main conclusions</span> <p class="abstract_para">Our results suggest potentially devastating impacts of climate change on stream ecosystems, with the restructuring of diatom, insect and fish communities, diminished distributions of functionally important taxa and widespread expansion of warm‐water taxa, giving rise to biotic homogenization. Given that the magnitude of these biotic shifts depends on the severity of climate change, appropriate current policy decisions are necessary to preserve freshwater ecosystems.</p>
Data and R scripts from: Assemblage reorganisation of South African dragonflies due to climate change
<p><b>Aim:</b> Climate change is expected to cause large shifts in species assemblages such as dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata). Here we assess the influence of environmental drivers of turnover on Odonata assemblages. Secondly, we map the predicted spatial variation in species composition, first as a gradient of assemblage similarity, and then as discrete bioregions delineating major areas of odonate endemism. Finally, we map the magnitude of expected change in species turnover in response to climate change under two emission scenarios.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> South Africa</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used a spatial database comprising of 164 species of odonates and 20 covariates, to explore changes in compositional turnover using generalised dissimilarity models. Bioregions were compiled through various clustering techniques.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>Present-day odonate bioregions correspond to climatic zones and are clearly separated by transitional zones with rapid spatial turnover. Present odonate bioregions are projected to undergo extensive reorganisation by 2050 and 2070. Temporal turnover in species composition is expected to reach up to 80% in the large arid interior and 64% along the coast. Half of all South Africa's protected areas are likely to experience climate-induced changes to dragonfly bioregions in the near future.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Species assemblages are rapidly changing. This work highlights future shifts in climate will result in complex and non-linear responses in Odonata communities. With ongoing climate change, current odonate bioregions are predicted to expand while others will contract considerably in size within the next thirty years. The current demarcated protected areas may be inadequate to protect dragonflies as climates change. Odonata can be used to track forefronts of climate change, which will likely affect a larger array of taxa as well.</p>
Data from: Inter-annual climate variation influences nest initiation date and nest productivity of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker at the northwestern edge of its range
<p>Climate change, including directional shifts in weather averages and extremes and increased inter-annual weather variation, is influencing demograhy and distributions for many bird species. We examined how temperature and precipitation coinciding with multiple nesting seasons affected overall nesting success and productivity for two red-cockaded woodpecker (<em>Dryobates borealis,</em> RCW) populations at the species' northwestern range periphery. We used 26 years of nesting data (1991-2016) from the two RCW populations to determine if inter-annual weather variation has affected nesting pehnology and productivity. We conducted analyses at both broad nesting periods (30 and 60 days before nesting; 40 days overalpping the nesting period up to fledging) and short windows to capture the effects of temperature and precipitation extremes on individual nests. For both RCW populations, warmer early spring temperatures generally advanced nesting and increased clutch size and fledgling number. However, effects of average precipitation varied depending on amount and duration of precipitation in different time periods. At the nest level, temperature and precipitation extremes were unrelated to nest success and loss of nestlings (brood loss). Our results indicate that RCWs are responding to the effects of climate change in various ways, with warming trends having a positive benefit on the species at its northwestern range periphery.</p>
Data for "Development of a joint probabilistic rainfall-runoff model for high-to-extreme flow simulation and projection in a changing climate"
<p>Data for "<strong>Development of a joint probabilistic rainfall-runoff model for high-to-extreme flow simulation and projection in a changing climate"</strong></p>
Data from: Genome-wide analysis reveals associations between climate and regional patterns of adaptive divergence and dispersal in American pikas
<p>Understanding the role of adaptation in species responses to climate change is important for evaluating the evolutionary potential of populations and informing conservation efforts. Population genomics provides a useful approach for identifying putative signatures of selection and the underlying environmental factors or biological processes that may be involved. Here, we employed a population genomic approach within a space-for-time study design to investigate the genetic basis of local adaptation and reconstruct patterns of movement across rapidly changing environments in a thermally-sensitive mammal, the American pika (<i>Ochotona princeps</i>). Using genotypic data at 49,074 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we analyzed patterns of genome-wide diversity, structure, and migration along three independent elevational transects located at the northern extent (Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada) and core (North Cascades National Park, Washington, USA) of the Cascades lineage. We identified 899 robust outlier SNPs within- and among-transects. Of those annotated to genes with known function, many were linked with cellular processes related to climate stress including ATP-binding, ATP citrate synthase activity, ATPase activity, hormone activity, metal ion-binding, and protein-binding. Moreover, we detected evidence for contrasting patterns of directional migration along transects across geographic regions that suggest an increased propensity for American pikas to disperse among lower elevation populations at higher latitudes where environments are generally cooler. Ultimately, our data indicate that fine-scale demographic patterns and adaptive processes may vary among populations of American pikas, providing an important context for evaluating biotic responses to climate change in this species and other alpine-adapted mammals.</p>
Data from: Simulating climate change in situ in a tropical rainforest understorey using active air warming and CO2 addition
<p><b>Background: </b>Future climate-change effects on plant growth are most effectively studied using microclimate-manipulation experiments, the design of which has seen much advance in recent years. For tropical forests, however, such experiments are particularly hard to install and have hence not been widely used. We present a system of active heating and CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation for use in tropical forest understoreys, where passive heating is not possible. The system was run for two years to study climate-change effects on epiphytic bryophytes, but is also deemed suitable to study other understorey plants.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Warm-air and CO<sub>2</sub> addition were applied in 1.6-m tall, 1.2-m diameter hexagonal open-top chambers and the microclimate in the chambers compared to outside air. Warming was regulated with a feedback system while CO<sub>2</sub> addition was fixed.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The setup successfully heated the air by 2.8K and increased CO<sub>2</sub> by 250 ppm, on average, with +3K and +300 ppm as the targets. Variation was high, especially due to technical break-downs, but not biased to times of the day or year. In the warming treatment, absolute humidity slightly increased but relative humidity dropped by between 6 to 15% (and the vapour-pressure deficit increased) compared to ambient, depending on the level of warming achieved in each chamber.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span>Compared to other heating systems, the chambers provide a realistic warming and CO<sub>2</sub> treatment, but moistening the incoming air would be needed to avoid drying as a confounding factor. The method is preferable over infrared heating in the radiation-poor forest understory, particularly when combined with CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation. It is suitable for plant-level studies, but ecosystem-level studies in forests may require chamber-less approaches like infrared heating and free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment. By presenting the advantages and limitations of our approach we aim to facilitate further climate-change experiments in tropical forests, which are urgently needed to understand the processes determining future element fluxes and biodiversity changes in these ecosystems.</span></p>
Data for the paper: Equilibrium climate sensitivity increases with aerosol concentration due to changes in precipitation efficiency
<p>This data-set contains the data requires for the paper "Equilibrium climate sensitivity increases with aerosol concentration due to changes in precipitation efficiency" by Guy Dagan</p> <p>The indexes (20/200/2000) in the variable name represent the aerosol concentration in the relevel simulation. The other index (1/2/4) represent the CO2 concentration (1 time, 2 times and 4 times the pre-industrial conditions). Other than that, the variables names are as they appear in the manuscript. </p>
Data from: Heat tolerance variation reveals vulnerability of tropical herbivore-parasitoid interactions to climate change
<p>Assessing the heat tolerance (CTmax) of organisms is central to understand the impact of climate change on biodiversity. While both environment and evolutionary history affect CTmax, it is unclear how these factors and their interplay influence ecological interactions, communities, and ecosystems under climate change. We collected and reared caterpillars and parasitoids from canopy and ground layers in different seasons in a tropical rainforest. We tested the CTmax and Thermal Safety Margins (TSM) of these food webs with implications for how species interactions could shift under climate change. We identified strong influence of phylogeny in herbivore-parasitoid community heat tolerance. The TSM of all insects were narrower in the canopy and parasitoids had lower heat tolerance compared to their hosts. Our CTmax-based simulation showed higher herbivore-parasitoid food web instability under climate change than previously assumed, highlighting the vulnerability of parasitoids and related herbivore control in tropical rainforests, particularly in the forest canopy.</p>
Data supporting: Impacts of extreme climatic events on trophic network complexity and multidimensional stability
<p>Data used to produce the results presented in the manuscript entitled "Impacts of extreme climatic events on trophic network complexity and multidimensional stability", published in the journal "Ecology". The data were obtained from an outdoor pond mesocosm experiment where freshwater communities were exposed to two different heatwave scenarios. </p>
Data from: Geographic and climatic constraints on bioregionalization of European ants
<p><strong><span>Aim</span></strong><span>: Biogeographic regionalization is scant for most insect groups due to shortfalls in distribution and phylogenetic information, namely the Wallacean and Darwinian shortfalls respectively. Here, we focused on the European ants and compared new techniques to classical analyses based on regional lists and taxonomic methods. We asked the following: 1) Can grid-based regionalizations using novel distribution data improve biogeographic transitions? and 2) Can phylogenetic approaches reveal new insights regarding ant evolutionary history?</span></p> <p><strong><span>Location</span></strong><span>: Europe and Anatolia.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Taxon</span></strong><span>: Ants (Formicidae).</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong><span>: First, we developed a refined database integrating the occurrences of 747 ant species across 207 regions of Europe and Anatolia, based on newly expert-validated records derived from the existing Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics (GABI) database. Using range estimates for these species derived from polygons and species distribution modelling, we produced species assemblages in 50 × 50 km grid cells. We calculated taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover of ant assemblages, then performed a hierarchical clustering procedure to delineate biogeographic structure.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong><span>: At both the regional list- and grid assemblage-levels, the Mediterranean has higher turnover and more biogeographic regions than northern Europe, both taxonomically and phylogenetically. Delineations based on grid assemblages detected more detailed biogeographic transitions, while those based on regional lists showed stronger insularity in biogeographic structure. The phylogenetic regionalization suggested a very similar spatial structure but varied affinities between assemblages in comparison to the taxonomic approach.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Main conclusions</span></strong><span>: Here, we integrated expert-validated regional lists, species distribution modelling, and a recent phylogeny to tackle Wallacean and Darwinian shortfalls for an important insect group by developing a next-generation map of biogeographic regionalization for European ants. The results of this study suggest strong constraints from geographic barriers and potential effects of climatic history on ant distributions and evolutionary history and also provide baseline spatial information for future investigations of regional insect distributions.</span></p>
Downscaling climatic data 2021-2100 in North Korea
<p>Please refer to the 'Readme' file.</p>
Data from: Genetic divergence along a climate gradient shapes chemical plasticity of a foundation tree species to both changing climate and herbivore damage
<p><span>Climate change is threatening the persistence of many tree species via independent and interactive effects on abiotic and biotic conditions. In addition, changes in temperature, precipitation, and insect attacks can alter the traits of these trees, disrupting communities and ecosystems. For foundation species such as <em>Populus</em>, phytochemical traits are key mechanisms linking trees with their environment and are likely jointly determined by interactive effects of genetic divergence and variable environments throughout their geographic range. Using reciprocal Fremont cottonwood (<em>Populus</em> <em>fremontii</em>) common gardens along a steep climatic gradient, we explored how environment (garden climate and simulated herbivore damage) and genetics (tree provenance and genotype) affect both foliar chemical traits and the plasticity of these traits. We found that: 1) Constitutive and plastic chemical responses to changes in garden climate and damage varied among defense compounds, structural compounds and nitrogen. 2) For both defense and structural compounds, plastic responses to garden climate depended on the climate in which a population or genotype evolved. Specifically, trees originating from cool provenances showed higher defense plasticity in response to climate changes than trees from hotter provenances. 3) Trees from cool provenances growing in cool conditions expressed the lowest constitutive defense levels but the strongest induced (plastic) defenses. 4) The combination of hot growing conditions and simulated herbivory switched the strategy used by these genotypes, increasing constitutive defenses but erasing the capacity for induction. Because Fremont cottonwood chemistry plays a major role in shaping riparian communities and ecosystems in the southwestern US, the effects of changes in phytochemical traits can be wide-reaching. As the southwestern US is confronted with warming temperatures and insect outbreaks, these results improve our capacity to predict ecosystem consequences of climate change and inform selection of tree genotypes for conservation and restoration purposes. </span></p>
Data and code accompanying "'Safe spaces' and community building for climate scientists, exploring emotions through a case study", Haddaway and Duggan 2023
<p>Data and code accompanying "‘Safe spaces’ and community building for climate scientists, exploring emotions through a case study", Haddaway and Duggan 2023</p>
Agro-climatic sensitivity data of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Sri Lanka
<p>Proso millet (<em>Panicum miliaceum </em>L.) is a drought tolerant underutilised crop cultivated in rainfed subsistence agricultural systems. Proso millet yields were simulated using a calibrated Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model for 95 locations in Sri Lanka. The yield maps were generated according to the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) model using ArcMap 10.7.1. The database contains Proso millet yield maps for current climate and yield change under 5 hypothetical climate change scenarios; 1<sup>o</sup>C, 1.5 <sup>o</sup>C and 2 <sup>o</sup>C temperature increments, 25% rainfall increment, and 25% rainfall reduction compared to the baseline (1980-2009) climate.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.