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4,034 results for “Species associations”
Data from: Spotting the pests of tomorrow - Sampling designs for detection of species associations with woody plants
Aim: Early warning against potentially harmful organisms of woody plant species can be achieved by sampling sentinel plants in exporting countries. However, it is unclear where sentinel plants can best be located, and how many samples are required and when and how often sampling optimally should take place for the adequate assessment of the biodiversity associated with the target plant species. We aimed to review spatial and temporal factors affecting associate biodiversity of single woody plant species and to develop guidance for the design of global biodiversity sampling studies. Location: Worldwide. Taxon: Insects and Fungi. Methods: Literature about factors affecting the diversity of insects and fungi in association with single plant species on global, regional, local and different temporal scales was reviewed. Case studies of insect and fungal diversity, primarily collected on single plant species, and the cost of collecting and analysing samples from locations around the world were analysed. Results: The review of the literature illustrated various factors affecting diversity, and the case studies allowed quantification of the relative impact of some spatial, temporal and financial aspects on captured biodiversity and, thus, illustrate the need to consider all possible factors that may affect the result of the sampling when deciding on a sampling design. Main conclusions: Our study illustrates the factors that should be considered when deciding on the location and timing of sampling for sentinel plants, which is important because of the trade-off between the number of samples and sampling locations needed to detect many of the species which may be potential pests, and the cost of (repeated) sampling in many locations. Decisions about the sampling design must be based on the objective of the sampling, but our recommendations apply irrespective of the targeted plant species or country.
Morning glory species co-occurrence is associated with asymmetrically decreased and cascading reproductive isolation
<p class="Normal1">Hybridization between species can affect the strength of the reproductive barriers that separate those species. Two extensions of this effect are: (1) the expectation that asymmetric hybridization or gene flow will have asymmetric effects on reproductive barrier strength and (2) the expectation that local hybridization will affect only local reproductive barrier strength and could therefore alter within-species compatibility. We tested these hypotheses in a pair of morning glory species that exhibit asymmetric gene flow from highly selfing <i>Ipomoea lacunosa </i>into mixed-mating <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>in regions where they co-occur. Because of the direction of this gene flow, we predicted that reproductive barrier strength would be more strongly affected in <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>than <i>I. lacunosa</i>.<i> </i>We also predicted that changes to reproductive barriers in sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>populations would affect compatibility with allopatric populations of that species. <i> </i>We tested these predictions by measuring the strength of a reproductive barrier to seed set across the species' ranges. Consistent with our first prediction, we found that sympatric and allopatric <i>I. lacunosa</i> produce the same number of seeds in crosses with <i>I. cordatotriloba, </i>whereas crosses between sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba</i> and <i>I. lacunosa</i> are more successful than crosses between allopatric <i>I. cordatotriloba and I. lacunosa.</i> This difference in compatibility appears to reflect an asymmetric decrease in the strength of the barrier to seed set in sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba, </i>which could be caused by <i>I. lacunosa</i> alleles that have introgressed into <i>I. cordatotriloba</i>. We further demonstrated that changes to sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>have decreased its ability to produce seeds with allopatric populations of the same species, in line with our second prediction. Thus, in a manner analogous to cascade reinforcement, we suggest that introgression associated with hybridization not only influences between-species isolation but can also contribute to isolation within a species<i>. </i></p>
Genome reduction is associated with bacterial pathogenicity across different scales of temporal and ecological divergence - between species core gene alignments
<p><span>Emerging bacterial pathogens threaten global health and food security, and so it is important to ask whether these transitions to pathogenicity have any common features. We present a systematic study of the claim that pathogenicity is associated with genome reduction and gene loss. We compare broad-scale patterns across all bacteria, with detailed analyses of <i>Streptococcus suis</i>, an emerging zoonotic pathogen of pigs, which has undergone multiple transitions between disease and carriage forms. We find that pathogenicity is consistently associated with reduced genome size across three scales of divergence (between species within genera, and between and within genetic clusters of <i>S. suis</i>). While genome reduction is also found in mutualist and commensal bacterial endosymbionts, genome reduction in pathogens cannot be solely attributed to the features of their ecology that they share with these species, i.e. host restriction or intracellularity. Moreover, other typical correlates of genome reduction in endosymbionts (reduced metabolic capacity, reduced GC content, and the transient expansion of non-functional elements) are not consistently observed in pathogens. Together, our results indicate that genome reduction is a predictive marker of pathogenicity in bacteria.</span></p>
FIGURE 4. Indonemoura auriformis Li in A new species of Indonemoura fujianensis complex (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Central China, with female association of I. auriformis Li & Yang, 2008
FIGURE 4. Indonemoura auriformis Li & Yang, 2008. a. Female terminalia, ventral view. b. Female terminalia, lateral view. c–e. Habitus of adults. c from Baiyun Mount., d from Jingangtai and e from Xihe.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Indonemoura fujianensis complex (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Central China, with female association of I. auriformis Li & Yang, 2008
FIGURE 3. Indonemoura wangae sp. nov. (male). a. Terminalia, dorsal view. b. Terminalia, ventral view. c. Epiproct, lateral view. d. Right paraproct, ventrolateral view.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Indonemoura fujianensis complex (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Central China, with female association of I. auriformis Li & Yang, 2008
FIGURE 2. Indonemoura wangae sp. nov. (male). a. Paraproct, ventrolateral view. b. Epiproct, dorsal view.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Indonemoura fujianensis complex (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Central China, with female association of I. auriformis Li & Yang, 2008
FIGURE 1. Indonemoura wangae sp. nov. (male). a.Terminalia, dorsal view. b. Terminalia, ventral view. c. Epiproct, lateral view. d. Epiproct and apical half of outer lobe of left paraproct, anterolateral view.
FIGURE 4 in New species and records of the quill mites of the genus Peristerophila Kethley 1970 (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) associated with pigeons and doves (Aves Columbiformes)
FIGURE 4. Peristerophila geopelis sp. nov., female. A, peritremes, B, fan-like seta p'III, Peristerophila leucomela sp. nov., female. C, peritremes; D, fan-like seta p'III.
FIGURE 1 in New species and records of the quill mites of the genus Peristerophila Kethley 1970 (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) associated with pigeons and doves (Aves Columbiformes)
FIGURE 1. Scheme of details of Peristerophila idiosomal sclerotizations (females). A–D, propodonotal shield; E–G, hysteronotal shield; H, pygidial shield.
FIGURE 8 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 8. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., colour pattern in life: A—holotype, ovigerous female (pocl 3.6 mm, cl 4.3 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 45826); B—allotype, male (pocl 2.3 mm, cl 2.9 mm) from the same locality (FLMNH UF 51717). Photographs courtesy of Gustav Paulay.
FIGURE 7 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 7. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., allotype, male (pocl 2.3 mm, cl 2.9 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 51717): A—left second pereiopod (cheliped), dorsomesial view; B—same, ventrolateral view; C—same, carpus and chela, mesial view; D—same, chela fingers closed, mesial view; E—right second pereiopod (cheliped), carpus and chela, mesial view. Setae omitted in D.
FIGURE 6 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 6. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., allotype, male (pocl 2.3 mm, cl 2.9 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 51717): A—frontal region, dorsal view; B—rostrum, dorsal view; C—same, detail of tip (drawn without scale); D—distal pleonites, telson and right uropod, lateral view; E—telson and left uropod, dorsal view; F—right first pleopod, mesial view; H—right second pleopod, lateral view.
FIGURE 4 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 4. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ovigerous female (pocl 3.6 mm, cl 4.3 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 45826): A—left second pereiopod (cheliped), dorsomesial view; B—same, ventrolateral view; C—same, carpus and chela, lateral view; D—same, carpus and chela, mesial view; E—same, chela fingers closed, mesial view; F—same, chela fingers opened, mesial view; G—right second pereiopod (cheliped), carpus and chela, lateral view; H—same, chela fingers closed. Setae omitted in E, F, H.
FIGURE 5 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 5. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ovigerous female (pocl 3.6 mm, cl 4.3 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 45826): A—left first pereiopod (cheliped), lateral view; B—same, chela, mesial view; C—left third pereiopod, lateral view; D—same, distal portion of propodus and dactylus, lateral view; E—left fifth pereiopod, lateral view; F—same, distal portion of propodus and dactylus, mesial view.
FIGURE 3 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 3. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ovigerous female (pocl 3.6 mm, cl 4.3 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 45826): A—mandible, lateral view; B—same, incisor process, dorsal view; C—maxillule, lateral view; D—maxilla, lateral view; E—first maxilliped, lateral view; F—second maxilliped, lateral view; G—third maxilliped, lateral view; H—paragnaths and median lip, ventral view.
FIGURE 2 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 2. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ovigerous female (pocl 3.6 mm, cl 4.3 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 45826): A—frontal region, dorsal view; B—same, lateral view; C—pleon, ventral view; D—telson and uropods, dorsal view; E—telson, dorsal view (median depression not indicated); F—same, detail of posterior margin, dorsal view; G—antenna, ventral view; H—left first pleopod, lateral view; I—left second pleopod, lateral view; J—right uropodal exopod, detail of distolateral margin and diaeresis, dorsal view; K—developing egg.
FIGURE 1 in Opaepupu, a new genus and species of bivalve-associated shrimp (Decapoda Caridea: Palaemonidae) from Hawai'i
FIGURE 1. Opaepupu huna gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ovigerous female (pocl 3.6 mm, cl 4.3 mm) from Kâne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i (FLMNH UF 45826): habitus, dorsal view. Both second pereiopods (chelipeds), found detached in the vial, were tentatively assigned to the female specimen and drawn as if they were in situ.
FIGURES 1–6 in Thysanoptera host-plant associations, with an account of species living on Tamarix, and a new species of Lissothrips (Phlaeothripidae)
FIGURES 1–6. Lissothrips hemingi sp.n.: (1) Adult (female); (2) Adult (male); (3) Head and pronotum; (4) Meso, metanotum and pelta (female); (5) Meso and metanotum (male); (6) Antenna.
FIGURES 7–10 in Thysanoptera host-plant associations, with an account of species living on Tamarix, and a new species of Lissothrips (Phlaeothripidae)
FIGURES 7–10. Lissothrips hemingi sp.n.: (7) Abdominal tergites IV-VII (male); (8) Prostenum; (9) Head and fore leg (female); (10) Abdominal tergites IX and tube (female).
FIGURES 9–16 in Species of Astrothrips from China, with one new species and a list of plant associations (Thysanoptera, Panchaetothripinae)
FIGURES 9–16. Head and pronotum of Astrothrips species. (9) aucubae; (10) globiceps; (11) chisinliaoensis (12) strasseni; (13) tumiceps; (14) Pronotum of glanduculus (variant); (15) glanduculus; (16) asiaticus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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