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Figure 6. Fossil tadornine bones compared with modern Tadorna tadornoides SAM B.39591 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia
Figure 6. Fossil tadornine bones compared with modern Tadorna tadornoides SAM B.39591. Tadorna tadornoides: A,C. proximal right carpometacarpus; and H, dorsal view cranial half coracoid. Fossils referred to Australotadorna alecwilsoni: B, D, E, proximal right carpometacarpus; F, distal right tibiotarsus SAM P.36762 in anterior view; G, cranial part right coracoid (SAM P.24531) in dorsal aspect; I, cranial part right coracoid (SAM P.43137) in dorsal aspect. Fossils referred to an undetermined tadornine from Alcoota: J, left radius UCMP 65985 in dorsal aspect; and right carpometacarpus NT P.2913 in K, ventral; L, dorsal; and M, caudal views. Scale bars = 10 mm. See main text for abbreviations.
Figure 4 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia
Figure 4. Referred elements of Pinpanetta fromensis: left carpometacarpus SAM P.42700 in: A, ventral; B, caudal; and C, dorsal aspects; D, right coracoid SAM P.41301 in dorsal aspect; and E, cranial part left coracoid MV P.222424 in dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 10 mm. See main text for abbreviations.
Figure 1 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia
Figure 1. Right humeri of Pinpanetta species, A–E, cranial view, and F–J, caudal view. A, F, Pinpanetta tedfordi SAM P.41257, holotype; B, G, Pi. tedfordi UCMP 56998, paratype; C, D, H, I, Pi. vickersrichae SAM P.42703, holotype two nonarticulating fragments of one bone; and E, J, Pi. fromensis SAM P.43128, holotype. Scale bars = 10 mm. See main text for abbreviations.
Figure 3 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of two new genera and four new species of Oligo-Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) from Australia
Figure 3. Referred elements of Pinpanetta vickersrichae: A, left coracoid MV P.222418 in dorsal aspect; proximal left carpometacarpus AMNH 10770 in: B, ventral; C, caudal; and D, dorsal aspects; E, distal right tibiotarsus SAM P.24529, in anterior aspect. Scale bars = 10 mm. See main text for abbreviations.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships among the 29 in Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the Greek populations of the genus Orthometopon (Isopoda, Oniscidea) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships among the 29 specimens of Orthometopon species. Individuals from two other terrestrial isopod species were used as outgroup taxa: Ligidium sp. and Armadillidium vulgare. Phylogenetic analyses, maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI), all produced trees with the same topology. Only the BI tree is presented here. Numbers above the branches indicate bootstrap values in the MP and ML analyses, respectively (MP/ML). Numbers below the branches indicate the posterior probabilities of the Bayesian analysis (BI).
Figure 11 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 11. Skull and lower jaw of Choloepus. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 4(1), left and right toothrows anteriorly divergent; 13(1), C1 largest upper tooth; 14(1), c1 largest lower tooth; 20(0), C1/c1 with oblique, nearly vertical wear facet; 23(1), fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to C1 present; 24(1), C1/c1 displaced laterally relative to molariform toothrow; 29(1), C1 with trigonal cross-section; 76(2), mandible with strong fossa posterior to c1; 84(0), orbit in typical mammalian position in lateral view; 85(1), snout relatively short, <40%, ≥ 27% of BNL; 114(3), dorsal process of premaxilla absent; 122(3), palate elongate, strongly widened anteriorly; 146(1), postorbital process of jugal weak; 152(1), descending process of jugal wide at base, tapers strongly toward tip; 169(1), zygomatic process of squamosal horizontal or inclined slightly dorsad in lateral view; 170(1), zygomatic process of squamosal of moderate depth; 187(0), small condyloid foramen. [Modified from Naples (1982).]
Figure 10 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 10. Skull and lower jaw of Acratocnus odontrigonus in left lateral view. Characters and states illustrated: 3(3), C1 & c1 strongly depressed relative to molariforms in lateral view; 13(1), C1 largest upper tooth; 14(1), c1 largest lower tooth; 20(0), C1/c1 with oblique, nearly vertical wear facet; 23(1), fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to C1 present; 25(1), alveolus of C1/c1 projects anteriorly; 37(4), mandibular depth> 25%, £ 27.5% of MML; 40(2), ascending ramus of mandible covers posterior teeth in lateral view; 48(1), angular process of intermediate development, ratio of length to depth> 1.0, <1.25; 84(0), orbit in typical mammalian position in lateral view; 106(2), well-developed buccinator fossa; 152(1), descending process of jugal wide at base, tapers strongly toward tip; 170(2), zygomatic process of squamosal deep; 178(2), postorbital process lies anterior to maxillary foramen. Drawings based on skull (AMNH 17722) and mandibles (AMNH 17710 & AMNH 17719) of Acratocnus odontrigonus.
Figure 9 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 9. Skull and lower jaw of Nothrotheriops and Pronothrotherium. A, skull and lower jaw of Nothrotheriops shown in left lateral view. B, skull of Pronothrotherium shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 2(4), 4/3 dental formula; 3(0), toothrow horizontal in lateral view; 37(2), mandible of moderate depth,> 20%, £ 22.5% of MML; 56(1), condylar surface nearly horizontal in lateral view; 68(2), symphyseal spout elongate; 86(0), snout narrow; 132(1), pterygoid/vomer contact; 137(2), large pterygoid sinus present; 189(1), posterior edge of occipital condyles at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum; 199(1), ethmoid covered by vomer in roof of nasopharynx; 200(1), vomer with elongate, asymmetrical keel extending posteriorly into nasopharynx; 201(1), vomer with large exposure in roof of nasopharynx, covering presphenoid and much of basisphenoid. Drawing A modified from Stock (1925); drawing B based upon specimen of Pronothrotherium typicum (FMNH P14467).
Figure 6 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 6. Skull and lower jaw of Paramylodon harlani. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 16(1), long axis of posterior molariform teeth oblique to long axis of skull; 65(0), mandibular symphysis with convex profile in lateral view; 91(1), profile of nasal region and braincase roughly horizontal in lateral view, but nasal region depressed relative to braincase; 95(1), complete zygomatic arch; 111(0), medial palatal process of maxilla anterior to lateral palatal process; 115(1), palatal process of premaxilla V-shaped, wide; 149(0), wide ascending process of jugal; 171(1), free end of zygomatic process of squamosal broad and somewhat flattened. [Modified from Stock (1925).]
Figure 5 in Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence
Figure 5. Skull and lower jaw of Scelidotherium. A, skull and lower jaw shown in left lateral view. B, skull shown in ventral view. Characters and states illustrated: 14(2), c1 neither smallest nor largest tooth; 17(3), molariforms with flat occlusal surface; 20(4), C1/c1 with flat occlusal surface; 31(3), M1 lobate, its transverse width greater than its anteroposterior length; 33(5), M2 & M3 lobate, their transverse width greater than their anteroposterior length; 51(0), short condyloid process; 85(1), snout moderately elongate, <40%, ≥ 27% of BNL; 87(1), snout elevated anteriorly; 105(1), maxilla elevated for dental alveoli only in the middle, coincident with molariform row; 107(0), dorsal contact of maxilla and frontal excluded by nasal/lacrimal contact; 111(0), medial palatal process of maxilla anterior to lateral palatal process; 113(0), premaxilla tightly sutured to skull; 117(1), incisive foramen slit-like, hidden in ventral view by medial palatal process of maxilla; 121(5), palatal profile evenly convex in lateral view; 137(1), pterygoid inflated at base; 152(0), descending process of jugal wide; 172(2), frontal/parietal suture well posterior to front of glenoid; 189(1), posterior edge of occipital condyles at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum. [Modified from Owen (1857).]
Figure 11 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 11. (a) Strict consensus of eight most parsimonious trees based on 43 larval characters (TL = 46; RI = 0.93; CI = 0.84; RC = 0.78, after successive weighting of the characters). (b) Most parsimonious tree based on adult skeletal characters (TL = 78; RI = 0.86; CI = 0.68; RC = 0.58, after successive weighting of the characters). Bootstrap values are shown above each node and Bremer decay indices are presented beneath.
Figure 7 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 7. Ventral views of vertebrae I and II of (a) Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Gosner Stage 43, KU 307176) (b) Pipa pipa (12.5 mm, KU 204077), and (c) Silurana tropicalis (Nieuwkoop and Faber Stage 62, SMB 172). Not to scale.
Figure 3 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 3. Anterior view of suprarostral cartilages of (a) Ascaphus truei (Gosner Stage 36; TNHC 54025) (b) Alytes obstetricans (Gosner Stage 32/33; CAS 152175) (c) Bombina orientalis (Gosner Stage 35; KU 223509) (d) Pelobates cultripes (Gosner Stage 31; KU 110109) (e) Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Gosner Stage 32, KU 307147), and (f) Xenopus laevis (Nieuwkoop and Faber Stage 53; KU 217900). Grey denotes cartilage. Not to scale.
Figure 4 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 4. Dorsal view of cornua trabeculae and suprarostral cartilages of (a) Ascaphus truei (Gosner Stage 36; TNHC 54025) (b) Bombina orientalis (Gosner Stage 35; KU 223509) (c) Spea bombifrons (Gosner Stage 36; KU 209876), and (d) Xenopus laevis (Nieuwkoop and Faber Stage 53; KU 217900). Grey denotes cartilage. Not to scale.
Figure 1 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 1. Larval chondrocranium of Discoglossus sardus (Gosner Stage 34; KU 222383) in (a) dorsal (b) ventral, and (c) lateral views. Cartilage is shown in grey, ossification in stippling, and foramina in black.
Figure 6 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 6. Larval hyobranchial skeleton of Discoglossus sardus (Gosner Stage 34; KU 222383). Grey denotes cartilage. Cb I–IV = Ceratobranchials I–IV.
Figure 2 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 2. (a) Larval chondrocranium of Xenopus laevis (Nieuwkoop and Faber Stage 53; KU 217900) in dorsal view. (b) X. borealis (Nieuwkoop and Faber Stage 56; SMB 174) in lateral view. Cartilage is shown in grey, ossification in stippling, and foramina in black.
Figure 5 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 5. Dorsal view of the left side of the chondrocranium of (a) Discoglossus sardus (Gosner Stage 34; KU 222383) and (b) Xenopus laevis (Nieuwkoop and Faber Stage 53; KU 217900). Cartilage is shown in grey; solid lines illustrate the angle of the suborbital cartilage of the palatoquadrate relative to the otic capsule. Not to scale.
Figure 10 in Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans
Figure 10. Most parsimonious tree based on 43 characters from larval morphology and 73 from adult skeletal morphology (TL = 121; RI = 0.88; CI = 0.72; RC = 0.63 after successive weighting of the characters). Bootstrap values are shown above each node and Bremer decay indices are presented beneath. Asterisks indicate taxa included in Mesobatrachia sensu Ford & Cannatella (1993).
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 species of mammals used in the study. Numbers adjacent to the nodes refer to split ages in units of millions of years. Total height of tree is 85 million years. Literature sources used in constructing the tree are Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (1979), Bennett (1980), Janis (1982), Savage & Russel (1983), Lanave et al. (1985), Shoshani (1986), Janis & Scott (1987), Wayne & O'Brien (1987), Gentry & Hooker (1988), Flynn et al. (1988), Novacek et al. (1988), Padmadisastra (1988), Prothero et al. (1988), Tassy & Shoshani (1988), Georgiadis et al. (1990), Marshall (1990), Miyamoto et al. (1990), Nowak (1991), Geffen et al. (1992), Novacek (1992a,b), Garland & Janis (1993), Wyss & Flynn (1993), Flynn (1996), Hunt (1996), Foote et al. (1999) and Penny et al. (1999).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.