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Fig. 5 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function
Fig. 5. Bone histology of the bothremydid turtles Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940) and Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856). A. Sampled costal (FM P27406) of Bothremys barberi (Schmidt, 1940), Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Mooreville Chalk, Selma Group, Dallas County, Alabama, USA. A1. External cortex observed in normal light. Widely spaced growth marks are found in this detail of the cortex. The bone tissue in between the growth marks is vascularized by primary osteons or branching primary canals. Structural fiber bundles that trend perpendicular to the surface of the bone are found throughout the whole of the cortex. A2. Same view as in A1, seen in polarized light. Perpendicular fiber bundles cross the interwoven structural fiber bundles. Note that not all growth marks (small white arrows) appear as bright, birefringent lines in the fibrous tissue. B. Sampled neural (YPM 40288) of Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy, 1856), Late Cretaceous, New Jersey, USA. B1. External cortex and external part of cancellous bone are observed in normal light. The cortical bone has 20 growth marks (small white arrows). Vascularization is accomplished through primary osteons and primary canals. Ą
Fig. 1 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic working−hypothesis of the sampled pelomedusoid turtle taxa (Pleurodira: Pelomedusoides) based on Antunes and Broin (1988), Broin (1988), Meylan (1996), and Tong et al. (1998). Fossil taxa are indicated by a small cross in parentheses and numbers are applied for higher taxa names. 1, Pelomedusoides; 2, Podocnemoidae; 3, Bothremydidae; 4, Podocnemidae.
Fig. 3 in Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function
Fig. 3. Bone histology of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976. A, Sampled neural fragment (UNEFM−101) of Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976, late Miocene Urumaco Fm., Venezuela, South America. A1. Close−up of external cortex in normal transmitted light. The cortical bone is vascularized by primary and secondary osteons. Growth marks (small white arrows) occur throughout the external cortex. A2. Same external cortex as in A1, seen in polarized light. The external cortex constitutes a bone matrix of interwoven structural fiber bundles with scattered primary and secondary osteons. A. Close−up Ą 3
Figure 6 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 6. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 11/101). Images (a), (b), (f), and (g) are in polarised light, images (c) and (e) in normal transmitted light, and image (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a) Composite overview image assembled from several images and transferred on a black background. Note distally tapering of the internal cortex. (b) Close-up of cancellous bone and internal cortex, the latter being composed of parallel-fibred bone tissue. (c, d) Close-up of distal end of the specimen. The cancellous bone is subsequently substituted by a loose meshwork of longitudinal coarse fibre bundles. (e, f) Close-up of the proximal part of external cortex, showing a thick, more external zone of predominantly parallel trending interwoven structural fibres (mirroring parallel-fibred bone tissue arrangement), overlying a thin plywood-like system of the more internal zone. Note oblique coarser Sharpey's fibres extending over the plies. (g) Close-up of a more distally situated part the external cortex, where the individual plies of the more internal zone have increased to about twice the thickness seen in the more proximal part of the cortex. The interwoven structural fibre bundles of the more external zone show a more homogeneous distribution instead of dominance of horizontally arranged fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; EC, erosion cavity; ECO; external cortex; EZ, more external zone; GM, growth mark; ICO, internal cortex; IZ, more internal zone, ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres.
Figure 4 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 4. Shell bone histology of Basilemys sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–f) are in polarised light. (a, b) Section of the external cortex of the peripheral YPM 9703 showing characteristic spindle-shaped organisation of growth marks and the "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern of the bone surface. Note "lateral" shift between successive layers causing phasedelayed "saddle and valley" ornamentation pattern. (c) Close-up of the trabecular meshwork of interior cancellous bone of YPM 9703. Note interstitial primary bone matrix in trabecular nodes. (d) Close-up of the internal cortex of the peripheral shell fragment FM P27371. Parallel-fibred bone is vascularised by scattered primary osteons and simple vascular canals. (e) Close-up of the apical external cortex of the spiked osteoderm TMP 80.08.296, showing the external "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern and the spindle-shaped arrangement of bone tissue. (f) Close-up of the internal and lateral cortex of TMP 80.08.296. Note regular arrangement of transversely and longitudinally sectioned interwoven structural fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PO, primary osteon, PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon; trFB, transversely sectioned fibre bundle.
Figure 3 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 3. Bone histology of Nanhsiungchelyidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (c) and (f) in polarised light, and (b) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a, b) Close-up of external cortex of ZIN PH 38/80 (Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.). The more external zone shows growth marks, representing resorption lines in the cortical tissue. The more internal zone shows interwoven structural fibre bundles, vascularised by primary osteons and simple vascular canals. Note scattered secondary osteons. (c, d) Close-up of the external cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). Note presence of fibres extending perpendicular to the bone surface and subparallel growth marks in the external-most layers. Isolated primary vascular canals open up to the bone surface as small foramina. Note succession of resorption lines in the cortex. (e, f) Close-up of the interior cancellous bone and internal cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). The cortical parallel-fibred bone tissue is increasingly invaded by erosion cavities, only in parts lined with centripetally deposited secondary lamellar bone. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavity; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; RL, resorption line; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 5 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 5. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 3/75). Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b) and (f) in polarised light, and (c) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a–c) Close-up of the external cortex showing the plywoodlike system below the external ornamentation pattern. Note internal organisation of plies into fibre bundle quadrangles (see Scheyer et al., 2007), visible as alternating light and dark bundles (b) or yellow-orange and blue-violet bundles (c). Internal to the ply system the bone is coarsely cancellous. (d) Close up of the plywood-like system showing the longitudinally trending plies separating the plies, which show the alternating longitudinally sectioned (yellow-orange) and cross-sectioned (blue-violet) fibre bundle quadrangles. (e) Interior cancellous bone showing predominantly remodelled trabeculae and horizontally oblong intertrabecular cavities. (f) Close-up of the internal cortex showing lamellar zonal bone grading into parallel-fibred bone. Abbreviations: CCB, coarse cancellous bone; FBQ, fibre bundle quadrangles; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LSO, longitudinally sectioned secondary osteon; LZB-PFB, lamellar zonal bone-parallel-fibred bone; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 2 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 2. Bone histology of Adocidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a), (c), and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b), (d), and (f) in polarised light. (a) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 84/87 ("Ferganemys" itemirensis). Growth marks are visible in the more external zone, whereas the more internal zone is dominated by an extensive reticular vascularisation pattern. (b) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 2/116 (Shachemys sp., xiphiplastron: external bone surface is in lower part of image). The more external zone shows highly birefringent growth marks, whereas the more internal zone is increasingly remodelled by secondary osteons. (c) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 92 (Adocus dzhurtasensis). Note absence of the more external zone. (d) Interior coarse cancellous bone of ZIN PH 593/64 (Adocus foveatus). (e) Close-up of the interior trabecular bone of ZIN PH 2/91 (Adocus sp.). (f) Close-up of the internal cortex of ZIN PH 37/86 ("Ferganemys" itermirensis, plastron fragment) showing parallel-fibred bone grading into lamellar bone. Note the light and dark extinction pattern of the tissue. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; PFBLZB, parallel-fibred bone-lamellar zonal bone; PC, primary vascular canal; RVP, reticular vascularisation pattern; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.
Figure 1 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Figure 1. Shell bone histology of Adocus sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–d) are in polarised light. Close-up of the interwoven structural fibre bundles of external cortex of the peripheral UCMP V87101/150201. (a, b) Note presence of growth marks and perpendicular fibre bundles in the more external zone. The more internal zone shows fine-fibred homogeneous structure of the ISF. (c) Close-up of interior trabecular and coarse cancellous bone of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. (d) Close-up of parallel-fibred bone of internal cortex of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. The bone tissue is vascularised by few scattered primary vascular canals only. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon.
Figure 4 in Presence of the Jehol Biota turtle Ordosemys liaoxiensis in the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of southern Jilin Province, China
Figure 4. Ordosemys liaoxiensis (XL-008; in dorsal view) from the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of Shuanghe Village, Xingling Town, Meihekou City, Jilin Province, northeastern China. Abbreviations: 6, neural plate 6; c1–c8, costal plates 1–8; cf, central plastral fenestra; cs, cervical scale; cv, cervical vertebrae; hu, humerus; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; lf, lateral plastral fenestra; pe, peripheral plates; ul, ulna.
Figure 2 in Presence of the Jehol Biota turtle Ordosemys liaoxiensis in the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of southern Jilin Province, China
Figure 2. Ordosemys liaoxiensis (XL-009; most in visceral view) from the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of Shuanghe Village, Xingling Town, Meihekou City, Jilin Province, northeastern China. (a, b) Carapace before preparation; (c, d) plastron and appendicular elements after preparation. Abbreviations: 1–2, neural plates 1–2; c1–c6, costal plates 1–6; cf, central plastral fenestra; co, coracoid; d2–d6, dorsal vertebrae 2–6; fe, femur; fi, fibula; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; is, ischium; lf, lateral plastral fenestra; pe, peripheral plate; pf, posterior medial plastral fenestra; pu, pubis; ti, tibia; v1–v2, vertebral scales 1–2; xi, xiphiplastron.
Figure 1 in Presence of the Jehol Biota turtle Ordosemys liaoxiensis in the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of southern Jilin Province, China
Figure 1. (a) Fossil locality (asterisk; 42◦ 24Į 54.52ĮĮ N, 125◦51Į 02.21ĮĮ E) of Ordosemys liaoxiensis from the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of Shuanghe Village, Xingling Town, Meihekou City, Jilin Province, northeastern China. (b) Outcrop of the fossil site showing five fossil-bearing layers; the turtle specimens described in this study are from the lower layer.
Figure 3 in Presence of the Jehol Biota turtle Ordosemys liaoxiensis in the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of southern Jilin Province, China
Figure 3. Ordosemys liaoxiensis (XL-007; in dorsal view) from the Early Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation of Shuanghe Village, Xingling Town, Meihekou City, Jilin Province, northeastern China. Abbreviations: 3–4, neural plates 3–4; c2–c8, costal plates 2–8; ib, inguinal buttress of the hypoplastron; p4–p9, peripheral plates 4–9; v3, vertebral scale 3.
Table 2 in Of turtles and trees: Nutritional analysis of tree heliotrope (Heliotropium foertherianum) leaves consumed by green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Hawaiʻi
<p>Table 2. Comparison of nutritional content of senescent leaves of Heliotropium foertherianum and some other foods reported in Hawaiian green turtle diets. C:N = carbon:nitrogen ratio. Values are mean values. Carbon, nitrogen, protein, fat, and lignin values are based on dry weight of the plant material. Energy values are based on ash-free dry weight. NM = not measured.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><b>% H</b> <b>2</b> <b>O content</b></th><th><b>% Nitrogen C:N</b></th><th><b>% Crude Protein</b></th><th><b>% Fat</b></th><th><b>% Lignin</b></th><th><b>Energy, Kcal/kg Source</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>H. foertherianum,</i> senescent leaves, seasons combined</th><td>87.9</td><td>0.645</td><td>47.5</td><td>5.45</td><td>2.22</td><td>13.76</td><td>4603</td><td>This paper</td></tr><tr><th><i>Ahnfeltiopsis concinna</i> thalli</th><td>68.0</td><td>1.7</td><td>21.5</td><td>10.8</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.62</td><td>2846</td><td>McDermid et al. 2007, 2015</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pterocladiella capillacea</i> thalli</th><td>77.8</td><td>2.7</td><td>14.2</td><td>16.9</td><td>2.3</td><td>3.7</td><td>3220</td><td>McDermid et al. 2007, 2015</td></tr><tr><th><i>Paspalum vaginatum</i> leaves</th><td>77.5</td><td>2.2</td><td>23.2</td><td>17.2</td><td>NM</td><td>11.5</td><td>4006</td><td>McDermid et al. 2015</td></tr><tr><th><i>Halophila hawaiiana</i> leaves</th><td>90.3</td><td>2.3</td><td>NM</td><td>14.4</td><td>3.8</td><td>NM</td><td>1696</td><td>McDermid et al. 2007</td></tr></tbody></table>
FIGURE 3 in Erratum: AHMAD E. AIDEK, ADIB SAAD, DANIEL JABLONSKI, HANS ESTERBAUER & UWE FRITZ (2024) Turtles and tortoises of Syria: Diversity, distribution, and conservation. Zootaxa, 5506 (2), 151-193.
FIGURE 3. Species diversity of turtles and tortoises (total number of species recorded per 20x20 km grid cell) projected on the (A) topographic and (B) biogeographic map of Syria. The grid cells with the highest species diversity (3 or 4 species) are highlighted as full red squares; important areas with conservation priority are indicated by a red border in (B).
Linked collectors and determiners for: UWIZM Turtles and Crocodilians.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "UWIZM Turtles and Crocodilians". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/f4d148fb-d833-470f-b1b1-07d5964ab688">https://bionomia.net/dataset/f4d148fb-d833-470f-b1b1-07d5964ab688</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/f4d148fb-d833-470f-b1b1-07d5964ab688">https://gbif.org/dataset/f4d148fb-d833-470f-b1b1-07d5964ab688</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Biologging reveals repeatable and consistent physiological parameters in free-living turtles.
<p>Associated R code and data sets for analyses related to the "Do turtles have personalities? A new methodology for assessing personality using biologging data" publication. Between-day and between-turtle repeatability can be found in R files 01 and 02. </p>
Figure 7 in Epiplastral and geographic variation in Echmatemys, a geoemydid turtle from the Eocene of North America: A multi-tiered analysis of epiplastral shape complexity
Figure 7. Results of sliding semilandmark process from 3D data, and specimens warped along Principal Component 1 (PC1). A. Thin plate spline deformation grid showing transformation of Echmatemys callopyge mean type along PC1. B. 3D image of Echmatemys callopyge showing the positions of landmarks along the curve indicated in A, specimen no.UNMN.VP.27621. C. 3D image of Echmatemys uintensis showing the positions of landmarks along the curve indicated in D, UMNH.VP.27429. D. Thin plate spline deformation grid showing transformation of E. uintensis mean type along PC1.
Figure 5 in Epiplastral and geographic variation in Echmatemys, a geoemydid turtle from the Eocene of North America: A multi-tiered analysis of epiplastral shape complexity
Figure 5. Principal components plots from geometric morphometric analyses of 2D epiplastral shape data. A. Dorsal epiplastral shape: PC1 (49.3% variance) versus PC2 (16.7% variance). B. Ventral epiplastral shape: PC 1 (47.7% variance) versus PC2 (20.8%) variance.
Figure 4 in Epiplastral and geographic variation in Echmatemys, a geoemydid turtle from the Eocene of North America: A multi-tiered analysis of epiplastral shape complexity
Figure 4. Plot of Tooth-Midline versus Tooth-Lip (TM/TL) values for each specimen. The correlation between these two variables is significant (R2=0.403). Correlation coefficients do not differ significantly between any pair of taxa.
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