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2,142 results for “by contact”
Romancing with tone: On the outcomes of prosodic contact (sound files and pitch contours)
<p>This upload contains audio files as well the spectrograms and pitch contours given in Figures 2 and 3 of <em>Romancing with tone: On the outcomes of prosodic contact.</em></p>
Migration Values measured from LLDPE-based nanocomposite materials in contact with different food simulating liquids
<p>Experimental values of overall migration (mg/dm<sup>2</sup>), migration of Si, Al and Mg (constitutive element of Montmorillonite) (mg/kg of food) and Normalized migration (%) of the selected additives measured in food simulating liquids after 10 days of contact (at 40°C) according standard testing condition recommended by the EU/10/2011 regulation with LLDPE-Based nanocomposite packaging including 5% w/w of organo-modified Montmorillonite (Cloisite 20).</p>
Social contact data for Peru
<p>This is the social contact data for Peru.</p>
Social contact data for Zambia and South Africa (CODA dataset)
<p>Zambia and South African dataset (CODA)</p>
Social contact data for Russia
<p>Social contact data for Russia. Dataset prepared by Thang Hoang (University of Hasselt); original dataset available at <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/2992179#.XYIZfPdS9hE">this link. </a></p>
Data from: Secondary contact and genomic admixture between rhesus and long-tailed macaques in the Indochina Peninsula
Understanding the process and consequences of hybridization is one of the major challenges in evolutionary biology. A growing body of literature has reported evidence of ancient hybridization events or natural hybrid zones in primates, including humans; however, we still have relatively limited knowledge about the pattern and history of admixture because there have been little studies that simultaneously achieved genome-scale analysis and a geographically extensive sampling of wild populations. Our study applied double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to samples from the six localities in and around the provisional hybrid zone of rhesus and long-tailed macaques and evaluated population structure, phylogenetic relationships, demographic history, and geographic clines of morphology and allele frequencies. A latitudinal gradient of genetic components was observed, highlighting the transition from rhesus (north) to long-tailed macaque distribution (south) as well as the presence of one northern population of long-tailed macaques exhibiting unique genetic structure. Interspecific gene flow was estimated to have recently occurred after an isolation period, and the migration rate from rhesus to long-tailed macaques was slightly greater than in the opposite direction. Although some rhesus macaque-biased alleles have widely introgressed into long-tailed macaque-populations, the inflection points of allele frequencies have been observed as concentrated around the traditionally recognized interspecific boundary where morphology discontinuously changed; this pattern was more pronounced in the X-chromosome than in autosomes. Thus, due to geographic separation before secondary contact, reproductive isolation could have evolved, contributing to the maintenance of an interspecific boundary and species-specific morphological characteristics.
Experimental data from: On Simultaneous Buckling, Contact and Load Carrying Capacity
<p>This paper considers the case of a relatively large number of parallel columns that buckle simultaneously. The close proximity between columns results in the possibility of contact between adjacent columns as buckling proceeds, and this brings with it some interesting observations on load carrying capacity. Some experimental results verify the theoretical development based on the versatility of high-fidelity 3D-printing. The sensitive nature of initial geometric imperfections (slight lack of straightness) and load eccentricity strongly influence post-buckled contact, load-carrying capacity, and, as the number of columns is increased, a statistically-based evaluation of anticipated behavior becomes appropriate.</p>
Machine learning based root stress calculation model for gears with progressive curved path of contact
<p><em>A machine learning based model for calculation of root stress in gears with a progressive curved path of contact is proposed. The prediction model is used as a surrogate model to the finite element analysis simulations, from which the data was collected. The results of the validation of all the methods are presented. Further validation was done with new simulations.</em></p>
Social contact data for Thailand
<p>Social contact data of migrant workers in urban settings in Thailand</p>
Incipient speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
<p>Secondary contact of lineages in the early stages of divergence can result in lineage fusion or promote reproductive isolation through reinforcement. While these processes are well studied in many taxonomic groups, we know little about their contribution to diversification of the secretive and enigmatic caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Here, we combine genetic (mtDNA and genome-wide SNPs) and phenotypic data to investigate the divergence history of caecilians endemic to the oceanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea archipelago. Consistent with a previous mtDNA study, we find two phenotypically and genetically distinct lineages that occur along a north-to-south axis with extensive admixture in the centre of the island. Demographic modelling supports divergence in allopatry (~300 kya) followed by secondary contact (~95 kya). Contrary to a morphological study that interpreted latitudinal phenotypic variation in these caecilians as a cline within a single widespread species, our analyses suggest a history of allopatric lineage divergence and subsequent hybridization that may have blurred species boundaries. We propose that late Pleistocene volcanic activity favoured allopatric divergence between these lineages with local adaptation to climate maintaining a stable hybrid zone in the centre of São Tomé Island.</p>
Digital image correlation (DIC) measurement of contact stiffness
<p>Measurements with digital image correlation of normal and tangential contact stiffness for ground Ti-6Al-4V interfaces suggest a linear relationship between normal contact stiffness and normal load and a linear relationship between tangential contact stiffness and tangential load. The normal contact stiffness for these surfaces is observed approximately to be inversely proportional to an equivalent surface roughness parameter, defined for two surfaces in contact. The ratio of the tangential contact stiffness to the normal contact stiffness at beginning of a load step is seen to be given approximately by the Mindlin ratio. A simple empirical model is proposed to estimate both normal and tangential contact stiffness at different loads for ground Ti-6Al-4V surfaces of known surface roughness and coefficient of friction.</p>
Social contact data for Belgium (2010-2011)
<p>Social contact data for Belgium in 2010-2011</p>
From refugia to contact: pine processionary moth hybrid zone in a complex biogeographic setting
<p class="MsoCommentText">Contact zones occur at the crossroad between specific dispersal routes and are facilitated by biogeographic discontinuities. Here we focused on two Lepidoptera sister species that come in contact near the Turkish Straits System (TSS). We aimed to infer their phylogeographic histories in the Eastern Mediterranean and finely analyse their co-occurrence and hybridisation patterns in this biogeographical context.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">We used molecular mitochondrial and nuclear markers to study 224 individuals from 42 localities. We used discordances between markers and complementary assignment methods to identify and map hybrids and parental individuals.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">We confirmed the parapatric distribution of <i>Thaumetopoea</i><i> pityocampa </i>(Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) in the west and <i>T. wilkinsoni </i>in the east and identified a narrow contact zone. We identified several glacial refugia of <i>T. wilkinsoni</i> in southern Turkey with a strong east-west differentiation in this species. Unexpectedly, <i>T. pityocampa</i> crossed the TSS and occur in northern Aegean Turkey and some eastern Greek islands. We found robust evidence of introgression between the two species in a restricted zone in north-western Turkey, but we did not identify any F<sub>1</sub> individuals. The identified hybrid zone was mostly bimodal.</p> <p>The distributions and genetic patterns of the studied species were strongly influenced both by the Quaternary climatic oscillations and the complex geological history of the Aegean region. <i>Thaumetopoea pityocampa</i> and <i>T. wilkinsoni</i> survived the last glacial maximum in disjoint refugia and met in western Turkey at the edge of the recolonization routes. Expanding population of<i> T. wilkinsoni</i> constrained <i>T. pityocampa</i> to the western Turkish shore. Additionally, we found evidence of recurrent introgression by <i>T. wilkinsoni</i> males in several <i>T. pityocampa</i> populations. Our results suggest that some prezygotic isolation mechanisms, such as differences in timing of the adult emergences, might be a driver of the isolation between the sister species.</p>
Data from: Genetic data reveal fine-scale ecological segregation between larval plethodontid salamanders in replicate contact zones
<p>Contact zones present unique opportunities to investigate ecological divergence, reproductive barriers, and gene flow between species. The two-lined salamander (<em>Eurycea</em> <em>bislineata</em>) species complex is a group of semiaquatic plethodontid salamanders with a reticulate evolutionary history that reflects the reorganization of river drainage basins. Although evidence for widespread, ancient introgression suggests an absence of reproductive isolating mechanisms in the early evolutionary history of the group, modern contact zones reveal a broader diversity of outcomes—with some putative species pairs occurring in sympatry and others exhibiting narrow hybrid zones. Here, we used RADcap data to investigate gene flow and ecological divergence in replicate contact zones between two species in the Appalachian foothills. Our results demonstrate that gene flow between these species is absent or rare, and larvae show strong, fine-scale ecological segregation among riffles, runs, and pools in streams. These results reinforce the more ambiguous conclusions of previous studies that suggested the evolutionary distinctiveness of these two species and underscore the importance of ecological factors in shaping local distributions.</p>
Cryptic genetic diversity and cytonuclear discordance characterize contact among Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes in western North America
<p>Three distinct Canada jay (<em>Perisoreus canadensis</em>) morphotypes with easily recognizable plumage traits come into contact in western North America. Recent work demonstrated high genetic structure across the species' range; however, patterns of genetic variation in these contact zones remain unknown. We categorized 605 individuals into one of three morphotypes (Pacific, Rocky Mountain, and Boreal) based on plumage, and genotyped individuals at the mtDNA control region and 12 microsatellite loci to assess the extent of hybridization between morphotypes. Our data showed cryptic genetic diversity and high cytonuclear discordance among morphotypes within contact zones, which is likely the result of recent and historical admixture. The distributions of the Boreal and Pacific morphotypes each showed a strong association with a single, distinct genetic group, whereas the Rocky Mountain morphotype exhibited higher genetic diversity and was associated with multiple genotypes. Our analyses show the importance of considering both plumage and genetic traits when examining contact zones between closely related taxa. Finally, the data presented in this study reaffirm that the Pacific morphotype is distinct from the Boreal and Rocky Mountain morphotypes based on genetic, phenotypic, and ecological data, indicating that the Pacific morphotype should be re-elevated to a full species.</p>
Data from: Raccoon contact networks predict seasonal susceptibility to rabies outbreaks and limitations of vaccination
1. Infectious disease transmission often depends on the contact structure of host populations. Although it is often challenging to capture the contact structure in wild animals, new technology has enabled biologists to obtain detailed temporal information on wildlife social contacts. In this study, we investigated the effects of raccoon contact patterns on rabies spread using network modelling. 2. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) play an important role in the maintenance of rabies in the United States. It is crucial to understand how contact patterns influence the spread of rabies in raccoon populations in order to design effective control measures and to prevent transmission to human populations and other animals. 3. We constructed a dynamic system of contact networks based on empirical data from proximity logging collars on a wild suburban raccoon population and then simulated rabies spread across these networks. Our contact networks incorporated the number and duration of raccoon interactions. We included differences in contacts according to sex and season, and both short-term acquaintances and long-term associations. Raccoons may display different behaviours when infectious, including aggression (furious behaviour) and impaired mobility (dumb behaviour); the network model was used to assess the impact of potential behavioural changes in rabid raccoons. We also tested the effectiveness of different vaccination coverage levels. 4. Our results demonstrate that when rabies enters a suburban raccoon population, the likelihood of a disease outbreak affecting the majority of the population is high. Both the magnitude of rabies outbreaks and the speed of rabies spread depend strongly on the time of year that rabies is introduced into the population. When there is a combination of dumb and furious behaviours in the rabid raccoon population, there are similar outbreak sizes and speed of spread to when there are no behavioural changes due to rabies infection. 5. By incorporating detailed data describing the variation in raccoon contact rates into a network modelling approach, we were able to show that suburban raccoon populations are highly susceptible to rabies outbreaks, that the risk of large outbreaks varies seasonally and that current vaccination target levels may be inadequate to prevent the spread of rabies within these populations. Our findings provide new insights into rabies dynamics in raccoon populations and have important implications for disease control.
Data from: Non-contact incipient fault diagnosis method of fixed-axis gearbox based on CEEMDAN
Gearbox plays most essential role in the modern machinery for transmitting the required torque along with motion and contributes to wide range of applications. Any failure in gearbox components affects the productivity and efficiency of the system. Most machine breakdowns related to gears are a result of improper operating conditions and loading, hence leads to failure of the whole mechanism. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) comprises advancement and valuable addition in Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and has been widely used in fault detection of rotating machines. However, intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) produced by EEMD often carry the residual noise. Also, the produced IMFs are different in number due to addition of white Gaussian noise, which leads to final averaging problem. To alleviate these drawbacks, Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) was previously presented. This paper describes and presents the implementation of CEEMDAN for fault diagnosis of simulated local defects using sound signals in a fixed-axis gearbox. Statistical parameters are extracted from decomposed sound signals for different simulated faults. Results shows the effectiveness of CEEMDAN over EEMD in order to obtain more accurate IMFs and fault severity.
Data from: Local origin of global contact numbers in frictional ellipsoid packings
In particulate soft matter systems the average number of contacts Z of a particle is an important predictor of the mechanical properties of the system. Using x-ray tomography, we analyze packings of frictional, oblate ellipsoids of various aspect ratios α, prepared at different global volume fractions ϕg. We find that Z is a monotonically increasing function of ϕg for all α. We demonstrate that this functional dependence can be explained by a local analysis where each particle is described by its local volume fraction ϕl computed from a Voronoi tessellation. Z can be expressed as an integral over all values of ϕl: Z(ϕg,α,X)=∫Zl(ϕl,α,X)P(ϕl|ϕg)dϕl. The local contact number function Zl(ϕl,α,X) describes the relevant physics in term of locally defined variables only, including possible higher order terms X. The conditional probability P(ϕl|ϕg) to find a specific value of ϕl given a global packing fraction ϕg is found to be independent of α and X. Our results demonstrate that for frictional particles a local approach is not only a theoretical requirement but also feasible.
Data from: Indirect interactions influence contact network structure and diffusion dynamics
Interaction patterns at the individual level influence the behaviour of diffusion over contact networks. Most of the current diffusion models only consider direct interactions, capable of transferring infectious items among individuals, to build transmission networks of diffusion. However, delayed indirect interactions, where a susceptible individual interacts with infectious items after the infected individual has left the interaction space, can also cause transmission events. We define a diffusion model called the same place different time transmission (SPDT) based diffusion that considers transmission links for these indirect interactions. Our SPDT model changes the network dynamics where the connectivity among individuals varies with the decay rates of link infectivity. We investigate SPDT diffusion behaviours by simulating airborne disease spreading on data-driven contact networks. The SPDT model significantly increases diffusion dynamics with a high rate of disease transmission. By making the underlying connectivity denser and stronger due to the inclusion of indirect transmissions, SPDT models are more realistic than SPST models for the study of various airborne diseases outbreaks. Importantly, we also find that the diffusion dynamics including indirect links are not reproducible by the current SPST models based on direct links, even if both SPDT and SPST networks assume the same underlying connectivity. This is because the transmission dynamics of indirect links are different from those of direct links. These outcomes highlight the importance of the indirect links for predicting outbreaks of airborne diseases.
Data from: Development of low cost non-contact structural health monitoring system for rotating machinery
Condition monitoring systems are increasingly being employed in industrial applications to improve the availability of equipment to increase the overall equipment efficiency. Condition monitoring of gearboxes, a key element of rotating machines, ensures to continuously reduce and eliminate costs, unscheduled downtime and unexpected breakdowns. This study demonstrates a low cost microcontroller based non-contact data acquisition system for condition monitoring of rotating machinery. Experimental validation of the proposed system was carried out by performing examination tests on a gearbox test-rig. A user friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) was also developed which facilitate user to perform signal processing in both real-time and offline mode. With these features the proposed system can perform most of the functions available in complex, standalone machines. The use of a general purpose PC and standard programming language makes the system simple, economical, and adaptable to a variety of problems. The tests show the developed system can perform properly as proposed.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.