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FIGURE 29 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 29. Known species of Mixtoscutella from the northern Pacific. A–C. M. androsovae (Gontar, 1979). Paratype, ZIRAS 2/43716 (Cape Nerpochka, off Pacific side of Simushir Island, middle Kuril Islands). D–F. M. harmsworthi (Waters, 1900). ZIRAS 52/50568, KIENM Collection (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). G–I. M. cancellata (Smitt, 1868). ZIRAS 1/50572, KIENM Collection (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin. B. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. C. Interior of frontal shield, showing small umbonuloid component and lepraliomorph area. D. Zooids with ovicells (one ooecium broken). E. Ovicellate zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularium. F. Interior of frontal shield, showing umbonuloid component and lepraliomorph area. G. Colony margin. H. Ovicellate zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularium. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing umbonuloid component and lepraliomorph area. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, G, H, 250 μm; C, F, I, 100 μm.
FIGURE 22. Rhamphostomella multirostrata n in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 22. Rhamphostomella multirostrata n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and main avicularian cystids (arrows, sites of ooecial development). B. Distal view of marginal zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Zooidal orifice with broad lyrula and bases of oral spines. D. Oblique view of several zooids, one showing early developmental stage of ooecium. E. Zooids with developing ooecia. F. Frontal view of ovicellate zooids. G. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids. H. Lateral view of distal half of ovicellate zooid. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, umbonuloid component and areolae. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony, showing protuberances. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and external-wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield with areolae and interareolar ridges, avicularium and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D–F, G, K, 500 μm; B, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.
FIGURE 26 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 26. Rhamphostomella? peristomata Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 1/44568 (Paramushir Island, Kuril Islands, Pacific Ocean). A. General view of part of holotype colony. B, C. Frontal view of two autozooids, showing orifices with median lyrula, and small avicularium on internal proximolateral surface of one peristome. D. Lateral view of two zooids, showing enlarged distal area of frontal wall with series of marginal areolar pores (arrows) and small peristomial avicularium. E. Distal half of autozooid, showing circular secondary orifice and lyrula. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D–E, 200 μm.
FIGURE 24. Rhamphostomella echinata n in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 24. Rhamphostomella echinata n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50126 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing and fully formed young zooids. B. Lateral view of orifice, showing branching lyrula, four spinules, suboral avicularium and bases of oral spines; non-bleached colony. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid showing lyrula, lateral denticles and bases of oral spines. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids, showing dimpled frontal shields and early stages of ooecial formation. E. Non-ovicellate zooids with long oral spines; unbleached colony. F. Close-up of non-ovicellate zooid, unbleached. G. Group of zooids with broken and completed ooecia. H. Single ovicellate zooid, showing details of orifice, spine bases and ooecium. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, lateral denticles, umbo, ring scar and areolae. J. Basal surface of colony, showing protuberances. K. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid component with lyrula and lateral denticles. L. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield, oral spines and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, 250 μm; B, K, 50 μm; C, F, H, I, 100 μm; J, 500 μm; L, 200 μm.
FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.
FIGURE 21. Rhamphostomella townsendi Osburn, 1952. A, E, G. Holotype, USNM 11032 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 21. Rhamphostomella townsendi Osburn, 1952. A, E, G. Holotype, USNM 11032 (Santa Rosa Island, Pacific Ocean). B, D. Specimen AL–WP–0019–0022, M.H. Dick Collection (Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea). C, F, H, I, K. ZIRAS 1/50117, J, L. ZIRAS 2/50118 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing lyrula, lateral denticles and bases of oral spines. C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. E. Zooid with developing ovicell. F, H. Ovicellate zooids in older parts of colony. G. Zooids with developing and broken ooecia. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar around umbonuloid component. J. General view of colony encrusting a sponge. K. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred undulating ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Zooid with broken frontal shield, showing areolae and lateral zooidal wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; E, F, 250 μm; L, 200 μm.
FIGURE 33 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 33. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella and Mixtoscutella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella sibirica (Kluge, 1929). Lectotype, ZIRAS 1/50730 (Laptev Sea). C, D. Rhamphostomella tatarica (Androsova, 1958). Paratype, ZIRAS 2/3852 (Tatar Strait, Sea of Japan). E, F. Rhamphostomella spinigera Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92535 (Jan Mayen). G. Mixtoscutella ovata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-9303 (Red Bay, west Spitsbergen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). H. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). Lectotype, ZIRAS 4/2331 (estuary of Mezen River, White Sea). Scale bars: A–F, H, 250 µm; G, 500 µm.
FIGURE 31 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 31. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). Neotype, SMNH- Type-9304 (Hammerfest, Norway, North Atlantic Ocean). C, D. Desmacystis sandalia (Robertson, 1900) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra orientalis Kluge, 1961). Holotype, ZIRAS 1/8801 (Cape Vkhodnoy Reef, Bering Island, Pacific Ocean). E, F. Rhamphostomella sollers (Canu & Bassler, 1929) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella scabra). Syntype, USNM 8136 (Cape Tsiuka, Sangar Strait, Sea of Japan). G. Rhamphostomella costata Lorenz, 1886. Lectotype, NHMW 92531 (Jan Mayen). H, I. Rhamphostomella magnirostris (Canu & Bassler, 1928) (junior synonym of Rhamphostomella costata). Syntype, USNM 7579 (Cedar Keys, western Florida, Gulf of Mexico). J, K. Rhamphostomella cristata (Hincks, 1889). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1576A (Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). Scale bars: A, B, J, K, 500 µm; C–I, 250 µm.
FIGURE 30 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface in some Rhamphostomella species.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm.
FIGURE 27 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 27. Mixtoscutella ovata (Smitt, 1868). ZIRAS 36/50120 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with young and developing zooids (arrows, sites of ooecial development). B. Zooidal orifice, showing condyles, and suboral avicularium. C, D. Non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. E. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells, and suboral and adventitious avicularia. F. Ooecium covered by secondary calcification, except in proximal triangular area with pseudopores. G. Area of colony with ovicellate zooids and adventitious avicularia. H. Longitudinal section through frontal shield, showing interior of umbonulomorph suboral area and adjacent pseudoporous lepralioid shield. I. Interior of frontal shield with umbonuloid component, ring scar, areolae (smaller lateral openings in upper part of zooid), pseudopores and ooecial pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice with condyles. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield, suboral avicularium and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, I, J, 100 μm; C, E, 250 μm; H, L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.
FIGURE 28 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
FIGURE 28. Mixtoscutella ussowi (Kluge, 1908). ZIRAS 14/50567 (Korfa Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of two zooids, showing details of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids. E. Zooids with developing ovicells close to colony periphery. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, showing ovicells with ooecia covered by secondary calcification and sutures between secondary calcification arising from distal and distolateral zooids. H. Transverse section through frontal shield, showing interior of proximal margin of orifice, umbonulomorph suboral area with adjacent pseudoporous shield, and cavity of suboral avicularian chamber. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing primary orifice with condyles and elongate suboral umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid shield. J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar and umbonuloid component surrounded by pseudoporous lepralioid area. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing frontal shield and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, 250 μm; C, H–J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.
FIGURE 6 in Comparisons of two cryptic Ampedus species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) by using classical systematics, ecological niche modeling, and DNA barcoding
FIGURE 6. MaxEnt model outputs for Ampedus samedovi. Minimum Training Presence threshold is applied to outputs.
FIGURE 5 in Comparisons of two cryptic Ampedus species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) by using classical systematics, ecological niche modeling, and DNA barcoding
FIGURE 5. MaxEnt model outputs for Ampedus platiai. Minimum Training Presence threshold is applied to outputs.
FIGURE 2 in Comparisons of two cryptic Ampedus species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) by using classical systematics, ecological niche modeling, and DNA barcoding
FIGURE 2. Distributions and collecting localities of Ampedus platiai and Ampedus samedovi. Red: Distribution of only A. platiai in the provinces, Blue: Distribution of only A. samedovi in the provinces, Yellow: Distribution of A. platiai and A. samedovi in the provinces (The map is designed in ArcGis 10.2).
FIGURE 1 in Comparisons of two cryptic Ampedus species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) by using classical systematics, ecological niche modeling, and DNA barcoding
FIGURE 1. Habitus and aedeagi photos of examined species. A–B. Ampedus platiai, C–D. A. samedovi, E–F. A. pomonae (Aedeagi of A. platiai and A. samedovi are redrawn from Kabalak 2010 and aedeagus of A. pomonae is redrawn from Platia 1994.). BML: Basal struts of median lobe, BP: Basal piece, ML: Median Lobe, PDT: Paramere distal tooth, PR: Paramere.
Supplementary material 1 from: Meza-Joya FL, Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA (2022) Relationships among body size components of three flightless New Zealand grasshopper species (Orthoptera, Acrididae) and their ecological applications. Journal of Orthoptera Research 31(1): 91-103. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.31.79819
Supplementary material 1 from: Meza-Joya FL, Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA (2022) Relationships among body size components of three flightless New Zealand grasshopper species (Orthoptera, Acrididae) and their ecological applications. Journal of Orthoptera Research 31(1): 91-103. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.31.79819
Ecological and metabolic traits of non-aposematic species challenge the crypsis-aposematic duality of Neotropical poison frogs
<p>Within the context of animal defence strategies, most species are believed to be either cryptic or aposematic. In this sense, dendrobatid frogs are among the best-studied vertebrate systems in terms of colouration, behaviour, and chemical defence. Though a dual criterium, cryptic-palatable and conspicuous-toxic, was used to classify species within this clade, there are notorious exceptions that do not fit into this duality. In particular, some species assigned to the cryptic-palatable category possess colourful spots that markedly contrast the rest of the body's dark coloration and contain toxic substances. Here, we investigate whether two pairs of syntopic dendrobatids, in which one of the members within each pair has colour spots and the other a homogeneous dark colour, differ in the activity pattern, dietary specialization, foraging activity, and metabolic rate. In agreement with our prediction, we found that the coloured species in one of the pairs is more active and has a higher dietary selectivity and prey accumulation capacity. However, no association was not found for the other species pair. Furthermore, contrary to our prediction, species with coloured spots have a lower metabolic rate than their syntopic homogenous peers. Overall, our findings suggest that species with coloured spots could be classified in a different category based on ecological and metabolic traits while opening exciting perspectives for understanding the evolution of aposematism in amphibians.</p>
Fig. 2 in A Review Of Species Diversity, Distribution And Ecology Of Freshwater Gastropod Molluscs Inhabiting The Ukrainian Transcarpathian
Fig. 2. Selected types of ecotopes in the region of materials sampling, Transcarpathia: 1— Chorna Voda (Mertse) River, near the Gat village (locality 15); 2 — artificial pool in the floodplain of Latorytsia River, near Chop town (locality 8); 3 — stream near the Bukove village (locality 20); 4 — creek in the territory of Carpathian Biosphere Reserve Headquarters (locality 5).
Fig. 3 in A Review Of Species Diversity, Distribution And Ecology Of Freshwater Gastropod Molluscs Inhabiting The Ukrainian Transcarpathian
Fig. 3. Shells of Transcarpathian gastropod molluscs: 1 — Viviparus viviparus (locality 12); 2 — Contectiana contecta (locality 15); 3 — Viviparus sphaeridius (locality 12); 4 — Bithynia tentaculata (locality 15); 5 — Valvata (Cincinna) ambigua (locality 15); 6 — Bithynia troschelii (locality 13); 7 — Valvata (Cincinna) piscinalis (locality 22); 8 — Lithoglyphus naticoides (locality 9); 9–11 — Planorbis planorbis (locality 15); 12, 13 — Planorbarius corneus (locality 15). Scale bars are given for 1–3, 4–8, and 9–13 correspondingly.
Fig. 4 in A Review Of Species Diversity, Distribution And Ecology Of Freshwater Gastropod Molluscs Inhabiting The Ukrainian Transcarpathian
Fig. 4. Shells of Transcarpathian gastropod molluscs: 1 — Radix peregra (locality 55); 2 — R. lagotis (locality 48); 3–5 — Physa acuta (3, 4—from locality 6; 5 — locality 15); 6–8 — Anisus septemgyratus (locality 58); 9–11 — Anisus spirorbis (locality 16); 12–14 — Gyraulus albus (locality 16); 15–17 — Segmentina nitida (locality 14); 18–20 — S. montgazoniana (locality 7); 21–23 — Ancylus fluviatilis (locality 58).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.