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Fig. 1 in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 1. Measurements taken on Nomorhamphus. 1, standard length (SL); 2, total length including beak (TL); 3, lower jaw length Brembach (LJLB); 4, lower jaw length (LJL); 5, upper jaw length (UJW); 6, bony orbital diameter (ORBL); 7, head length (HDL); 8, snout to pectoralfin distance (SN-P1); 9, snout to pelvic-fin distance (SN-P2); 10, body depth at pectoral-fin base (BDP1); 11, body depth at pelvic-fin base (BDP2); 12, depth of caudal peduncle; 13, pelvic-fin to caudal-fin distance (P2-C); 14, length of pectoral fin; 15, length of pectoral-fin base; 16, length of dorsal fin; 17, length of dorsal-fin base; 18, length of pelvic fin; 19, length of pelvic-fin base; 20, length of anal fin; 21, length of anal-fin base; 22, length of caudal fin.

Fig. 8 in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 8. Diagrammatic representation of the caudal skeleton of Nomorhamphus rex, MZB 20724, holotype, 44.4 mm SL, male. EP, Epural; HY, Hypural. Scale bar = 500 μm.

Fig. 3. A, B in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 3. A, B, Nomorhamphus rex; Indonesia, Sulawesi: Sulawesi Selatan; tributary of Wewu River near the village of Laroeha; 2°28.226'S, 121°04.125'E. A male; B female. C, D, Nomorhamphus rex from Tana Toraja; Indonesia, Sulawesi: Sulawesi Selatan; in a clearwater pool at an excavation of a small river near the village of Tilanga, 3°02.126'S, 119°53.232'E. C male; D female. (Photographs by: Hans-Georg Evers).

Fig. 4. A in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 4. A: Nomorhamphus rex, MZB 20724, holotype, 44.4 mm SL, male; B: ZFMK 44949, paratype, 63.9 mm SL, female.

Fig. 2 in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of the modified anal-fin rays (andropodium) of Nomorhamphus rex, MZB 20724, holotype, 44.4 mm SL, male. Fourth segment of the second ray with a dorsal and a ventral row of "subsegments" forming squares and rectangles of different sizes. The fourth ray is divided into three rows from approximately the third of its length, forming a kind of a covering for the third anal-fin ray with one dorsal and two lateral rows beneath. SN, Spinae; SP, Spiculus. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Nomorhamphus Rex, A New Species Of Viviparous Halfbeak (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae) Endemic To Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Fig. 5. Radiograph of Nomorhamphus rex. A, Nomorhamphus rex, MZB 20724, holotype, 44.4 mm SL, male; B, ZFMK 44949, paratype, 63.9 mm SL, female.

FIGURE 14 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 14. Carla Kishinami collecting bat skeleton from rubble on floor near the lower end of Māhiehie Cave.

FIGURE 12 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 12. Looking downslope (south) across the entrance pit of Māhiehie Cave. The amphitheater entrance to the main cave is visible below the rim on the right side.

FIGURE 9 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 9. Relative ages of Hawaiian bat fossils from sites where their remains have been dated shown in relation to the time of colonization of the islands by humans; see appendix 2 for specimen records and appendix 4 for detailed locality descriptions for all collection sites. Solid bars indicate dated age ranges; hachured bars indicate estimated age ranges. Footnoted records are as follows: 1Maximum possible age of site, actual age of bat remains younger. 2Star represents 14C dated specimen. 3Older site off scale; 130,000 to ~400,000 ybp; most likely between 320,000 and 400,000 ybp; see text for discussion.

FIGURE 8 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 8. Proximal view of the humerus of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). Anterior is toward the top of the page in each figure.

FIGURE 7. A in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 7. A, Lateral, B, anterior, C, medial, and D, posterior views of the humeri of the holotype of Synemporion keana (on the left in each pair; BPBM 159269) and Lasiurus cinereus semotus (on the right; BPBM 184506).

FIGURE 6 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 6. Anterior view of the lower incisors and canine of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with those of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). The third lower incisor (i3) is absent in the holotype of Synemporion but paratypes preserve this tooth, which is always trilobed.

FIGURE 13 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 13. Fred Stone peers through the gap between the lava slab and wall at the lower edge of the entrance to Māhiehie Cave. The slab obscures the entrance to the main cave passage. The configuration of the entrance and cave creates a possible trap for bats (see text for description).

FIGURE 11 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 11. Skeleton of Synemporion keana embedded in secondary mineral crust on the wall near the downslope end of Māhiehie Cave.

FIGURE 5 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 5. Lateral and occlusal views of the lower dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506).

FIGURE 4 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 4. Lateral and occlusal views of the upper dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). Note that a small anterior upper premolar (P2), visible in occlusal view in Lasiurus, is absent in the holotype of Synemporion keana. This tooth is variably present in Synemporion, occurring somewhat more than 50% of the time and sometimes present on one side but absent on the other side in the same individual (see text for discussion).

FIGURE 1 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of the main Hawaiian Islands showing relative locations of the principle collecting sites of fossil Synemporion keana. See appendix 2 for list of specimens from each site and appendix 4 for detailed descriptions of each site. (1) Makawehi Point dunes; (2) Māhā'ulepū Limestone Sinkhole; (3) limestone sinkholes near Barbers Point; (4) Ulupa'u Head lake deposit; (5) Lua Lolo Piping Cave; (6) Pu'u Naio Cave; (7) Māhiehie Cave; (8) Pu'u Mākua Cave; (9) Ka'eleku Caverns; (10) Crystal Cave; (11) Kahāwaihapapa Cave; (12) 'Ūmi'i Manu Cave; (13) Kahuku Ranch Cave.

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FIG. 6 in Three New Species of Musseromys (Muridae, Rodentia), the Endemic Philippine Tree Mouse from Luzon Island

FIG. 6. Cranium (in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views) and mandible of A, Musseromys gulantang, adult male (FMNH 178405, holotype); B, M. inopinatus, adult female (FMNH 193839, holotype); C, M. beneficus, adult female (FMNH 198714, holotype); and D, M. anacuao, adult female (FMNH 209522, holotype).

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FIG. 2 in Three New Species of Musseromys (Muridae, Rodentia), the Endemic Philippine Tree Mouse from Luzon Island

FIG. 2. Projection of specimen scores onto the first two axes (A) and the second and third axes (B) of a principal components analysis (table 1) of 18 craniodental variables (log-10 transformed) from seven specimens representing four putative species of Musseromys.