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Fig. 6 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 6. Divergent appearances of Cynipid wasp venoms.The variable venom coloration in the sexual generation of the genus Amphibolips, ranging from light yellow in most species to dark brown in A. acuminata (first line). Other venom coloration observed in gall wasps (middle line).The agamic generation was dissected for Kokkocynips imbricariae and Atrusca unica. For Callirhytis seminator, A: agamic generation, S: sexual generation, Anti.: Antistrophus.The needle crystals found in the venom reservoir of Andricus robustus (bottom line).

Fig. 5 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 5. Venom apparatus anatomy representative of different Cynipid tribes. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.White arrow: insertion point of the reservoir into the ovipositor; red arrow: insertion point of the gland into the reservoir.The insert for Antistrophus silphii shows the detail of the reservoir morphology, with division between the narrow region (NR) and the large region (LR).

Fig. 4 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 4. Relative size of the venom apparatus in Cynipoids. (A) Venom gland length relative to metasoma length, with the names of the species having the largest venom gland over metasoma ratio indicated. (B) Venom reservoir area relative to metasoma area, with the names of the species having the largest venom reservoir over metasoma ratio indicated. (C) The ratios of venom reservoir area over metasoma area, and venom gland length over metasoma length for each species dissected.The dendrogram is adapted from Blaimer et al. (2020). For venom gland graphs, the dashed lines correspond to the venom gland length equaling the metasoma size, and to the reservoir area equaling 5% of the metasoma area for venom reservoir graphs.The central band indicates the species lifestyle (galler, inquiline, or parasitoid) and the generation for Cynipini (sexual, agamic, or unknown).The colors carry through from (A)–(C) and indicate the cynipoid tribes outlined in (C). Ceropt. = Ceroptrini, Diastrop. = Diastrophini, Diplo. = Diplolepidini, G. = Galler, Inq. = Inquiline, ND = Not dissected.

Fig. 3 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 3. Anatomy of the metasoma of the agamic female of Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Cynipini). (A) Photograph of the adult of the agamic generation. (B) Exocrine and reproductive organs of the metasoma studied in this article. (C–E) Reconstructed internal structures of the metasoma using micro-tomography. (C) Right-lateral view. (D) Detail of the venom apparatus in lateral view. e) Detail of the accessory gland complex in dorsal view. Legend: red arrow: insertion point of the gland into the reservoir; orange, venom gland; purple, venom reservoir; yellow, accessory gland; dark blue, accessory sac; green, ovaries; and light blue, gut. Axis: D, dorsal;V, ventral; A, anterior; P, posterior; L, left; R, right. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 2. Examples of oviposition in Cynipidae. Unidentified Cynipini wasps laying eggs (A) in the secondary vein of a red oak (Quercus rubra) and (B) in the bud of a white oak (Quercus alba). (C) Inquiline cynipid wasp (Ceroptres sp.) laying eggs into the petiole gall of the sexual generation of Melikaiella tumifica on Q. rubra. (D) Diplolepis nodulosa (Diplolepidini) ovipositing in a rose bud.

Fig. 1 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 1. Diversity of galls induced by Cynipid wasps. Four clades of Cynipidae contain gall-inducing species: the rose-gallers (Diplolepidini), the herb gallers (Aylacini sensu lato), the non-rose Rosaceae gallers (Diastrophini), and the oak gallers (Cynipidini). Cynipidini alternate two generations, sexual and agamic, that differ in their phenotype. Cynipid galls can be induced in various organs (bud, flower, fruit, leaf, root, or stem), and contain one larval chamber (unilocular gall) or several (multilocular gall). Photo credits:Tom Murray (Disholcaspis quercusmamma), Matthew Wills (Acraspis erinacei), Jeremy Collison (Amphibolips confluenta), Bill MacIndewar (Callirhytis quercusfutilis), Jeff Skrentny (Antistrophis silphii), and Erin Faulkner (Diplolepis bicolor).

Fig. 6 in Describing biodiversity in the genomics era: A new species of Nearctic Cynipidae gall wasp and its genome

Fig. 6. Maximum-likelihood UCE phylogeny of Cynipini. Tree based on the 50% complete UCEmatrix using best partitions selected by ModelFinder. Strongly supported nodes (≥80% SH-aLRT and ≥95% UFBoot values) are shown with black dots. Branch lengths represent genetic distance.

Fig. 3 in Describing biodiversity in the genomics era: A new species of Nearctic Cynipidae gall wasp and its genome

Fig. 3. Neuroterus valhalla. (a) Catkin (sexual) generation female holotype specimen habitus; (b) catkin gall cluster. White arrowhead = gall with emergence hole, black asterisk = gall without emergence hole, An = anther in healthy staminate flower; (c) Stem node (asexual) generation female habitus. Note that this specimen lost colour and in vivo looks darker; (d) stem node prior to gall development. Note the oviposition car (black arrow), which is a slight swell of the tissue with a black dot, Ab, axillary bud; Pe, petiole of adjacent leaf. (e) Stem node gall; Ls, leaf scar; White arrow, gall with emergence hole.

Fig. 4 in Describing biodiversity in the genomics era: A new species of Nearctic Cynipidae gall wasp and its genome

Fig. 4. Emergence Phenology of Neuroterus valhalla. Boxplot of the emergence date of each generation (n = 14 stem node generation, n = 117 catkin generation). Boxes indicate 25 and 75 percentiles, horizontal bars the range and vertical internal bar indicates the mean emergence date.

Fig. 2 in Describing biodiversity in the genomics era: A new species of Nearctic Cynipidae gall wasp and its genome

Fig. 2. Maximum-likelihood COI phylogeny of Cynipini. Strongly supported nodes (95% UFBoot values) are shown with black dots. Branch lengths represent genetic distance. Blue = N. valhalla sequences; Yellow = catkin-emerging male (A. quercuslanigera).

Fig. 1 in Describing biodiversity in the genomics era: A new species of Nearctic Cynipidae gall wasp and its genome

Fig. 1. Neuroterus valhalla life cycle. (A) Stem node (asexual) generation female; (B) oviposition in developing catkin buds; (C) N. valhalla's oval gall on the catkin inflorescence (C1), which are not to be mistaken with Andricus quercuslanigera's fusiform galls on the stalk of the catkin (C2); (D) unknown sexual generation male (D1), catkin (sexual) generation female (D2); (E) oviposition in stem nodes; (F) N. valhalla's cryptic galls on stem nodes (F1), not to be mistaken with Bassettia pallida's internode clustered cryptic galls (F2). Green background highlights the asexual (stem node) generation, while yellow background highlights the sexual (catkin) generation. Illustration by Barbara Rossi.

Fig. 5 in Describing biodiversity in the genomics era: A new species of Nearctic Cynipidae gall wasp and its genome

Fig. 5. Scanning electron microscopies of N. valhalla catkin generation female. (a) head anterior view. (b) mesosoma dorsal view; (c) mesosoma posterior view. (d) antennae. (e) tarsal claws. (f) mesosoma lateral view; (g) metasoma lateral view.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

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Changes in temperature alter competitive interactions and overall structure of fig wasp communities

1. Organisms exist within ecological networks, connected through interactions such as parasitism, predation and mutualism which can modify their abundance and distribution within habitat patches. Differential species responses make it hard to predict the influence of climate change at the community scale. Understanding the interplay between climate and biotic interactions can improve our predictions of how ecosystems will respond to current global warming. 2. We aim to understand how climate affects the multi-trophic biotic interactions as well as the community structure using the enclosed communities of wasps associated with figs as a study system. 3. To examine the presence and strength of multi-trophic species interactions, we first characterized the multi-trophic community of fig wasps associated with Ficus racemosa and then applied hierarchical joint species distribution models, fitted to community monitoring data. We further evaluated the effect of climate on individual species trends as well as inter-specific interactions. 4. We found that the competitive balance shifted to favour non-pollinating galling wasps and disadvantage the dominant pollinator in sub-optimal conditions. Further, sub-optimal conditions for galling wasps facilitated the occurrence of their specialized parasitoid, as changes cascaded across trophic levels and led to alternative community structures. Our results highlight the role of how species interactions can be modified across multiple trophic levels in a fig wasp community according to climate.

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Data from: Faster speciation of fig-wasps than their host figs leads to decoupled speciation dynamics

The genus Ficus (Moraceae) is best known for its obligate mutualism with pollinating fig-wasps (Agaonidae), where species are thought to reciprocally trigger genetic differentiation resulting in tight co-speciation. Here, we used nextRAD DNA sequencing to study the population structure of multiple fig species and their corresponding fig-wasps along an elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. Contrary to the expected one-to-one species specificity in this mutualism we find evidence of multiple pollinating wasp species, which through limited dispersal abilities along the gradient, likely limit pollen flow and influence fig population structure along these slopes. In two cases, where the fig species studied have wide distribution along the mountain, we found between three and four wasp species pollinating closely related populations of fig species. In the case of one fig subspecies complex, we identified two fig-wasp species according to the distribution of their host subspecies. Finally, in a parapatric, three sister species complex, we identified three individual wasp species, each corresponding to its host fig species. Fig-wasps appear to speciate more rapidly through faster generation times, faster rates of local adaptation and/or weak dispersal abilities compared to figs. This in turn restricts pollen movement between fig ecotypes, strengthening reproductive barriers and so facilitating their speciation. Fig speciation along the gradient and wasp lineage extinction may eventually restore the one-to-one rule in this mutualism through split and sort speciation dynamics.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 1. Adult female paratype of the cuckoo wasp Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, Bellheim, 10 June 2012; voucher ID: ZFMK-TIS-36479), Photograph: O. Niehuis.

Fig. 4 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 4. Exemplar chromatograms showing diagnostic differences (specified inTables 1 and 2) between the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis in the female (A) and male (B) sex. The x-axis represents the retention time shown in form of Kovats retention indices (Kováts 1958), the y-axis shows the total intensity of ions (TIC). Diagnostic alkenes are indicated with their Kovats retention index (Kováts 1958) in parentheses to differentiate them from alkenes with the same chain length but differing in the location of their double bond.

Fig. 3 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of males and females of the cuckoo wasps Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (6 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀) and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀) as well as of three vespid wasps known to serve as hosts of these two cuckoo wasps, Ancistrocerus antilope (23 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀), Euodynerus notatus (13 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀), and Euodynerus quadrifasciatus (14 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀). Note that the plot includes the CHC profile data of the holotype of C. parabrevitarsis n. sp. and CHC profile data of the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis.

Fig. 2 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree inferred from Kimura-2-parameter nucleotide sequence distances between COI haplotypes of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (blue branches), Chrysis brevitarsis and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (yellow branches). Support values are based on 10 000 bootstrap replicates. Acronyms in capital letters after the species names specify the country of origin: Belorussia (BLR), Estonia (EST), Finland (FIN), Germany (GER), Lithuania (LIT), Norway (NOR), Russia (RUS), and Sweden (SWE). Sample IDs are given in parentheses.

Fig. 7 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of antennal flagellomeres (F) 4–6 in females of Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (top, voucher ID: TUZ117252) and Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (bottom, voucher ID:TUZ102387).

Fig. 6 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 6. Shape of the internal metasomal segments (T4–T7 and S4–S6) of female Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (voucher ID:TUZ102402). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.