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FIGURE 8 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 8. Dermal bone ornamentation of Baru wickeni and Ultrastenos huberi compared. A: Explanatory drawing of the skull of Baru wickeni in dorsal view with frontal and right squamosal marked in red and the areas shown in (B) and (C) marked by boxes. B: Baru wickeni (NTM P91171-1), frontal in dorsal view showing the ornamentation. C: Baru wickeni (NTM P902-4), right squamosal in dorsal view showing the ornamentation. D: Explanatory drawing of the skull of Ultrastenos huberi in dorsal view with frontal and right squamosal marked in red and the areas shown in (E) and (F) marked by boxes. E: Ultrastenos huberi (QM F F31076), frontal in dorsal view showing the ornamentation. F: Ultrastenos huberi (QM F F31075), right squamosal in dorsal view showing the ornamentation. Scale bars in (B, C, E, F) equal 10 mm. (A, D) are not to scale.

FIGURE 22 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 22. Reconstruction of the posterior skull of Ultrastenos huberi. A: Composite reconstruction showing marked anterior narrowing congruent with the slen- der longirostrine morphotype. Redrawn from Stein et al. (2016). B, C: QM F42665, temporal fragment from the holotype of U. willisi, mirror imaged to create reconstructions. B, temporal fragment arranged to match the reconstruction in (A). C, Alternative arrangement of the temporal fragment to match the brevirostrine reconstruction of U. huberi supported here. Abbreviations: ju, jugal; oto, otoccipital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal. Hatched areas represent broken bone surfaces. Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 14 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 14. Reconstruction of Ultrastenos huberi based largely upon QM F31060 and QM F31076 and scaled to the size of these two specimens. A, occipital view. B, dorsal view. C, ventral view. D, right lateral view. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; boa, bony otic aperture; cl, canthus lacrimalis; ect, ectopterygoid; fa, foramen aëreum; fr, frontal; itf, infratemporal fenestra; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; mal, maxillary alveolus; na, nasal; nar, naris; oc c, occipital condyle; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pm, premaxilla; pmf, premaxillary fenestra; po, postorbital; pf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; q, quadrate; q co, quadrate condyle; qj, quadratojugal; rp, reception pit; so, supraoccipital; sof, suborbital fenestra; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 10 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 10. Ultrastenos sp. "Bullock Creek Taxon", isolated specimens from the Middle Miocene, Bullock Creek Local Fauna, Northern Territory. A, B: NTM P87115-3, posterior cranial fragment. A, right lateral view. B dorsal view. C: NTM P9660, right maxilla in ventral view. D: NTM P895-15, left mandibular ramus in lateral view. Derived character states shared with U. huberi Willis: 1, posterolateral process of the squamosal descends at a steep angle (74⁰); 2, medial, posterior and lateral margins of the supratemporal fenestra rounded and curve gradually into one another; 3, enlarged anterior maxillary foramen; 4, transverse palatal premaxillomaxillary suture lying anterior to the level of the first maxillary alveolus; 5, absence of a posterior lamina of the maxilla separating the anterior tip of the ectopterygoid from the margin of the suborbital fenestra; 6, dermal ornament consisting of regular, subcircular pits separated by walls of even height; 7, posterior extent of the dentary posterior to the posterior margin of the external mandibular fenestra; 8, length of the reduced external mandibular fenestra is less than 25% of the distance between the dentary toothrow and the anterior margin of the mandibular glenoid. Scale bars equal 50 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 1. Ultrastenos huberi, QM F31060, holotype, maxillary rostrum. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, left lateral view. Abbreviations: appal, antepenultimate premaxillary alveolus; cl, canthus lacrimalis; fpal, first premaxillary alveolus; fr, frontal; idp, interdental reception pit; ju, jugal; lpal, last premaxillary alveolus; la, lacrimal; lac, lacrimal canal; lr, lateral ridge; mal, maxillary alveolus; mt, maxillary tooth; mr, medial ridge; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; nar, naris; om, orbital margin; ppt, penultimate premaxillary tooth; pm, premaxilla; pmf, premaxillary fenestra; pf, prefrontal; rn, reception notch for dentary tooth 4; rp, reception pit; rt, replacement tooth; sof, suborbital fenestra. Note that the premaxillary teeth are not numbered because the loss of a tooth position renders numbering ambiguous. Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 9 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 9. Comparison of Quinkana timara to White Hunter Cranial Form 2, QM F31079, here referred to Q. meboldi Willis. A: Q. timara (NTM P8695-114), right squamosal. B: Q. timara (NTM P9464-177), parietal margin of the right supratemporal fenestra. C, D: Q. meboldi (QM F31079), posterior cranial fragment. B, right postorbital. C, parietal margin of the right supratemporal fenestra. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 13 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 13. Single most parsimonious tree found by Ristevski et al. (2023) in a traditional search of their dataset using implied weights (k = 25), showing U. huberi sharing a more recent common ancestry with mekosuchine genera such as Mekosuchus than with Baru. Large, polyspecific, named clades that do not include Mekosuchinae have been collapsed into single branches (names in bold type) to simplify the diagram. Abbreviations: CI, consistency index; MPT, most parsimonious tree; #OTUs, number of operational taxonomic units; RI, retention index. Redrawn from figure 24 in Ristevsi et al. (2023).

FIGURE 21 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 21. Baru wickeni, bones from the maxillary rostrum of small juveniles. A-C: QM F31062, right premaxilla. A, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C, lateral view. D, E: QM F31063, posterior fragment of right maxilla. D, ventral view. E, lateral view. The dashed line in (D) represents margins of the ectopterygoid sutural scar. Abbreviations: jss, sutural surface for articulation with the jugal; ma, maxillary alveolus; mss, sutural surface for articulation with the maxilla; mt, maxillary tooth; nar, naris; nm, narial margin; pa, premaxillary alveolus; pdp, posterior dorsal process of the premaxilla; pml, posterior medial lamina of the maxilla; rp, reception pit; sofm, margin of the suborbital fenestra. Scale bar equals 20 mm.

FIGURE 20. Ultrastenos huberi, anterior mandibular fragments. A-C in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 20. Ultrastenos huberi, anterior mandibular fragments. A-C: QM F61096, articulated left and right dentaries. A, dorsal view. B, right lateral view. C, posterior view. Dashed line in (C) represents the anterior margin of the splenial sutural scar. D, E: QM F31068, left dentary fragment. D, dorsal view. E, medial view. White arrows in (E) indicate the anterior tip of the dorsal and ventral anterior splenial processes. F: QM F31069, symphyseal fragment of mandible in posteriomedial view. Abbreviations: avp, anterior ventral process of the splenial; d, dentary; da, dentary alveolus; dldsy, dorsal lobe of the dentary symphyseal surface; dsys, symphyseal surface of the dentary; dt, dentary tooth; ms, Meckelian sulcus; msy, mandibular symphysis; sp, splenial; spss, sutural surface for articulation with the splenial. Scale bar equals 20 mm.

FIGURE 18 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 18. Quadrate condyles of Ultrastenos huberi and Baru wickeni compared. A: Ultrastenos huberi, QM F31075, right quadrate condyle, photograph taken normal to the articular plane of the quadrate condyle (dorsal is towards the top of the page). The flattened dorsomedial margin is marked by a rectangular bracket and the dorsal indentation between the medial and lateral hemicondyles is marked by triangular arrow. B: Baru wickeni, NTM P911, right quadrate condyle, photograph taken normal to the articular plane of the quadrate condyle (dorsal is towards the top of the page). Note that the flattened dorsomedial margin, and the dorsal indentation are absent. The small notch visible on the medial margin is due to damage. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 17. Ultrastenos huberi, pterygoid fragments. A in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 17. Ultrastenos huberi, pterygoid fragments. A: QM F42665, right pterygoid in articulation with right ectopterygoid in ventral view. B: QM F31076, pterygoid pair in ventral view. Abbreviations: ect, ectopterygoid; ecss, sutural surface for articulation with the ectopterygoid; palss, sutural surface for articulation with the palatine; sofm, margin of the suborbital fenestra; vptr, ventral pterygoid ridge. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 12. Ultrastenos huberi, shared derived character states. A-D in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 12. Ultrastenos huberi, shared derived character states. A-D: QM F42665, holotype of Ultrastenos willisi. A, B, Right temporal fragment in dorsal view (A) and lateral view (B). C, D, ventral portion of braincase (with attached, displaced fragment of right pterygoid) in right lateral view (C) and occipital view (D). E-H: QM F31075, 'WH Cranial Form 1'. E, F, right temporal region in dorsal view (E) and lateral view (F). G, H, ventral portion of braincase in right lateral view (G) and occipital view (H). Numbered character states: 1, distance from the ventrolateral tip of the paroccipital process to the dorsal margin of the quadrate condyle is less than the transverse width of the quadrate condyle (shown by rectangular bracket); 2, short posterolateral process of the squamosal descends at an angle steeper than 65⁰; 3, parabasisphenoid-pterygoid suture recessed within a sulcus; 4, enlarged sagittal, ventral keel of the basioccipital prominent in lateral view; 5, otoccipital-basioccipital suture (marked with red line) fails to cross the synovial surface of the occipital condyle. Scale bars equal 20 mm.

FIGURE 16 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 16. Ultrastenos huberi, QM F61097, cranial fragment. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, left lateral view. Abbreviations: cl, canthus lacrimalis; ect, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal; mal, maxillary alveolus; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; or, orbit; pf, prefrontal; rp, reception pit; sof, suborbital fenestra; Vpal, foramen for palatine ramus of cranial nerve V2 (maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve). Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia

FIGURE 3. Ultrastenos huberi, QM F31075, White Hunter Cranial Form 1, posterior cranial fragment. A, B, dorsal view as a photograph (A), and as an annotated photograph with interpretive overlay (B). C, D, occipital view as a photograph (C), and an annotated photograph with interpretive overlay (D). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; fa, foramen aereum; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; mf, metotic foramen; mptf, median pharyngeal tube foramen; ncr, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; parp, paroccipital process; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pcf, posterior carotid foramen; po, postorbital; pop, postoccipital process of the supraoccipital; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; ptyf, pharyngotympanic foramen; q, quadrate; qc, quadrate condyle; qjss, sutural surface for articulation with the quadratougal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra; XIIp, posterior foramen for cranial nerve XII (posterior hypoglossal foramen). Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic revision of the extinct clawed lobster genus Oncopareia Bosquet, 1854 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae)

FIGURE 9. Oncopareia lunata (Fritsch, in Fritsch and Kafka, 1887); incomplete cephalothorax with pleon from the lower–middle Turonian (Bílá Hora Formation) in Prague, Czech Republic (NM O3473). A, Digital copy of the figure from Fritsch and Kafka (1887, pl. 5, fig. 6). B, Holotype in dorsal view with morphological features highlighted by pencil (presumably by Fritsch himself). C, Holotype in dorsal view with pencil marks removed. D, Holotype in lateral view.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic revision of the extinct clawed lobster genus Oncopareia Bosquet, 1854 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae)

FIGURE 7. Nymphaeops coesfeldiensis Schlüter, 1862 (= Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854, as here understood). A, Incomplete cephalothorax with associated pleon in lateral view (from Schlüter, 1862, pl. 13, fig. 3). B, Cephalothorax and pleon in dorsal view (from Schlüter, 1862, pl. 13, fig. 6). C, Reconstruction of cephalothorax in dorsal view (from Schlüter, 1879, pl. 15, fig. 2). D, Near-complete individual in lateral view (from Schlüter, 1879, pl. 15, fig. 1). E, Cephalothorax and pleon in lateral view (from Mertin, 1941, text-fig. 9a). F, Pectinate claw (from Mertin, 1941, text-fig. 10k). G, Crusher claw (from Mertin, 1941, text-fig. 10b). H, Crusher claw (from Mertin, 1941, text-fig. 10d). Nymphaeops coesfeldiensis Schlüter, 1862 (= Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854, as here understood) from the Vaals Formation (lower Campanian) at the former CPL SA quarry, Haccourt, north-east Belgium (I–K). I, Near-complete cephalothorax with associated appendages in lateral view (NHMM JJ 9974). J, Crusher claw (NHMM HB 393). K, Fingers of pectinate claw (NHMM HB 756). Figure parts A–H not to scale.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic revision of the extinct clawed lobster genus Oncopareia Bosquet, 1854 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae)

FIGURE 10. Hoploparia beyrichi Schlüter, 1862; upper Maastrichtian (Kunrade Formation), Kunrade area, southern Limburg, the Netherlands. A, Pleon in lateral view (from Bosquet, 1854, pl. 10, fig. 6). B, Right claw in inner and outer lateral views (from Bosquet, 1854, pl. 10, fig. 71). C, Incomplete right claw (from Bosquet, 1854, pl. 10, fig. 7). D, E, Pleon in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) views (IRScNB 90-32f). F–H, Fragmentary claw (right propodus) in inner lateral (F), outer lateral (G) and dorsal (H) views (IRScNB 90-19j). I, Cephalothorax with associated incomplete pleon in lateral view (IRScNB 90-32d). J, Right claw (propodus and carpus) in inner lateral view (IRScNB 90-24b). K, Cephalothorax with associated pleon (holotype, MB. A. 209). L–M, Cephalothorax in lateral (L) and dorsal (M) views (IRScNB 90- 33g). Specimens were whitened with ammonium chloride prior to photography.

FIGURE 6. Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854 in Taxonomic revision of the extinct clawed lobster genus Oncopareia Bosquet, 1854 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae)

FIGURE 6. Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854; isolated cephalothoraxes from the upper Turonian (uppermost part of the Jizera Formation) at Vinary near Vysoké Mýto, Czech Republic. A, Isolated cephalothorax in lateral view (NM O3470). B, Digital copy of Fritsch and Kafka (1887, pl. 5, fig. 2). C, Isolated cephalothorax in lateral view (NM O6861). Both specimens were whitened with ammonium chloride prior to photography.

FIGURE 4. Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854 in Taxonomic revision of the extinct clawed lobster genus Oncopareia Bosquet, 1854 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae)

FIGURE 4. Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854; cephalothorax with associated pleonal segments 1 and 2 and both claws (MNHN R03408) from the upper Maastrichtian (Kunrade Formation) at Kunrade, the Netherlands. A, Cephalothorax in left lateral view. B, Cephalothorax in dorsal view. C, Cephalothorax in right lateral view. D, Both claws. E, Crusher claw in lateral view.

FIGURE 3. Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854 in Taxonomic revision of the extinct clawed lobster genus Oncopareia Bosquet, 1854 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae)

FIGURE 3. Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854; upper Maastrichtian (Kunrade Formation) of the Kunrade area, southern Limburg, the Netherlands. A, Cephalothorax in lateral view (from Bosquet, 1854, pl. 10, fig. 5). B, Anterior portion of cephalothorax in lateral view (from Bosquet, 1854, pl. 10, fig. 8). C, Cephalothorax with pleon and tailfan in lateral view (from Bosquet, 1854, pl. 10, fig. 61). D, Cephalothorax in lateral view (IRScNB 90-32c). E, Cephalothorax in lateral view (IRScNB 90-17). F, Anterior portion of cephalothorax in lateral view (IRScNB 90-15b). G, Incomplete individual in lateral view (IRScNB 90-33f, designated lectotype herein). H, I, Pleon in lateral (H) and dorsal (I) views (IRScNB 90-35c). J, Pleonal segments 1–3 in lateral view (IRScNB 90-23b). K, Right (crusher) and left (pectinate) claws of the same individual (IRScNB 90-28). L, Fingers of pectinate claw in lateral view (IRScNB 90-3b). M, Crusher claw in lateral view (IRScNB 90-32a). N, Pectinate claw in lateral view (IRScNB 90-27b). Specimens in D–F and H–N were whitened with ammonium chloride prior to photography.