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TABLE 5 in A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species

<p><b>TABLE 5 |</b> Descriptive morphometrics of Rhinotocinclus species. Values given as percent of standard length or head length. Range includes the holotype (Hol), SD = standard deviation.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th><i>R. kwarup</i> n=20</th><th></th><th></th><th><i>R. discolor</i> n=20</th><th></th><th></th><th><i>R. pilosus</i> n=20</th><th></th><th></th><th><i>R. isabelae</i> n=15</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Character</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td></tr><tr><th>Standard length (mm)</th><td>21.6</td><td>18.8</td><td>23.7</td><td>21.3</td><td></td><td>24.4</td><td>21.6</td><td>25.2</td><td>23.3</td><td></td><td>22.6</td><td>18.1</td><td>22.6</td><td>20.2</td><td></td><td>17.6</td><td>14.6</td><td>17.9</td><td>16.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of SL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Body depth</th><td>15.1</td><td>13.6</td><td>17.2</td><td>15.7</td><td>0.88</td><td>16.2</td><td>16.2</td><td>18.7</td><td>17.2</td><td>0.71</td><td>16.9</td><td>15.4</td><td>18.9</td><td>17.3</td><td>0.84</td><td>19.9</td><td>17.8</td><td>20.9</td><td>19.4</td><td>0.85</td></tr><tr><th>Predosal distance</th><td>44.5</td><td>44.5</td><td>48.4</td><td>46.7</td><td>1.11</td><td>46.6</td><td>46.2</td><td>50.3</td><td>47.7</td><td>1.13</td><td>48.6</td><td>47.8</td><td>51.4</td><td>49.8</td><td>1.00</td><td>48.8</td><td>45.7</td><td>50.9</td><td>48.6</td><td>1.48</td></tr><tr><th>Prepelvic distance</th><td>42.4</td><td>40.6</td><td>44.9</td><td>42.5</td><td>0.98</td><td>42.6</td><td>42.1</td><td>46.0</td><td>43.8</td><td>1.17</td><td>45.1</td><td>44.1</td><td>48.2</td><td>46.3</td><td>1.05</td><td>44.3</td><td>41.1</td><td>48.4</td><td>45.3</td><td>1.75</td></tr><tr><th>Preanal distance</th><td>65.5</td><td>62.2</td><td>67.5</td><td>65.2</td><td>1.40</td><td>64.6</td><td>63.6</td><td>67.1</td><td>65.4</td><td>1.03</td><td>68.6</td><td>65.9</td><td>71.8</td><td>69.1</td><td>1.36</td><td>66.8</td><td>64.3</td><td>69.7</td><td>67.1</td><td>1.80</td></tr><tr><th>Preadipose distance</th><td>78.2</td><td>72.3</td><td>80.0</td><td>76.7</td><td>1.65</td><td>75.6</td><td>74.1</td><td>78.3</td><td>76.2</td><td>1.04</td><td>78.4</td><td>75.4</td><td>80.3</td><td>78.3</td><td>1.22</td><td>74.8</td><td>74.8</td><td>79.8</td><td>77.0</td><td>1.39</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin spine length</th><td>23.7</td><td>20.5</td><td>27.7</td><td>24.0</td><td>1.59</td><td>25.3</td><td>23.2</td><td>25.3</td><td>24.1</td><td>0.62</td><td>24.2</td><td>21.1</td><td>25.3</td><td>23.1</td><td>0.92</td><td>25.1</td><td>22.6</td><td>26.0</td><td>24.4</td><td>0.86</td></tr><tr><th>Anal-fin unbranched ray length</th><td>16.0</td><td>12.1</td><td>17.1</td><td>14.8</td><td>1.12</td><td>15.6</td><td>13.5</td><td>17.3</td><td>16.1</td><td>0.80</td><td>13.6</td><td>12.4</td><td>16.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>1.01</td><td>17.1</td><td>16.6</td><td>20.4</td><td>18.1</td><td>0.99</td></tr><tr><th>Adipose-fin spine length</th><td>7.2</td><td>5.3</td><td>8.4</td><td>7.1</td><td>0.74</td><td>8.6</td><td>7.6</td><td>10.3</td><td>8.5</td><td>0.82</td><td>6.1</td><td>6.0</td><td>7.9</td><td>6.7</td><td>0.51</td><td>7.4</td><td>7.0</td><td>9.4</td><td>8.0</td><td>0.59</td></tr><tr><th>Pectoral-fin spine length</th><td>28.4</td><td>23.9</td><td>29.6</td><td>26.6</td><td>1.62</td><td>26.9</td><td>24.8</td><td>27.3</td><td>26.4</td><td>0.65</td><td>28.4</td><td>24.7</td><td>29.8</td><td>27.1</td><td>1.24</td><td>29.2</td><td>27.9</td><td>30.2</td><td>29.2</td><td>0.62</td></tr><tr><th>Caudal peduncle depth</th><td>8.3</td><td>7.3</td><td>8.6</td><td>7.9</td><td>0.35</td><td>7.7</td><td>7.7</td><td>8.6</td><td>8.2</td><td>0.25</td><td>6.4</td><td>6.3</td><td>7.5</td><td>6.7</td><td>0.30</td><td>8.1</td><td>8.1</td><td>8.8</td><td>8.5</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-adipose fin distance</th><td>20.0</td><td>18.9</td><td>20.9</td><td>19.8</td><td>0.52</td><td>16.6</td><td>13.3</td><td>18.1</td><td>16.0</td><td>1.51</td><td>16.7</td><td>12.8</td><td>17.5</td><td>15.2</td><td>1.49</td><td>14.4</td><td>12.3</td><td>16.5</td><td>14.7</td><td>1.45</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin base length</th><td>12.2</td><td>9.5</td><td>12.7</td><td>11.3</td><td>0.93</td><td>11.8</td><td>10.1</td><td>12.9</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.69</td><td>12.7</td><td>11.2</td><td>14.7</td><td>12.3</td><td>1.01</td><td>12.9</td><td>11.6</td><td>13.7</td><td>12.6</td><td>0.59</td></tr><tr><th>Lower caudal-fin principal ray</th><td>23.9</td><td>21.1</td><td>28.7</td><td>25.0</td><td>1.81</td><td>28.4</td><td>25.2</td><td>29.7</td><td>27.5</td><td>1.35</td><td>24.0</td><td>21.3</td><td>27.3</td><td>23.7</td><td>1.32</td><td>27.4</td><td>23.4</td><td>29.1</td><td>27.4</td><td>1.43</td></tr><tr><th>Cleithral width</th><td>27.5</td><td>24.4</td><td>27.5</td><td>26.0</td><td>0.97</td><td>26.6</td><td>26.5</td><td>28.3</td><td>27.2</td><td>0.52</td><td>27.3</td><td>27.2</td><td>29.0</td><td>28.0</td><td>0.51</td><td>31.6</td><td>29.5</td><td>31.6</td><td>30.5</td><td>0.56</td></tr><tr><th>Head length</th><td>35.3</td><td>32.4</td><td>37.4</td><td>35.4</td><td>1.60</td><td>37.0</td><td>36.8</td><td>39.3</td><td>37.8</td><td>0.72</td><td>38.9</td><td>38.9</td><td>43.1</td><td>41.7</td><td>0.97</td><td>40.2</td><td>39.4</td><td>42.7</td><td>40.8</td><td>1.05</td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of HL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Head depth</th><td>43.6</td><td>41.2</td><td>48.0</td><td>44.4</td><td>1.90</td><td>42.1</td><td>39.5</td><td>48.4</td><td>42.8</td><td>2.61</td><td>41.7</td><td>36.2</td><td>43.0</td><td>39.9</td><td>1.66</td><td>47.2</td><td>46.4</td><td>50.8</td><td>48.6</td><td>1.30</td></tr><tr><th>Interorbital distance</th><td>37.1</td><td>31.9</td><td>37.7</td><td>35.3</td><td>1.76</td><td>30.9</td><td>28.7</td><td>34.4</td><td>31.0</td><td>1.45</td><td>36.7</td><td>32.0</td><td>36.7</td><td>33.5</td><td>1.12</td><td>34.5</td><td>33.0</td><td>36.3</td><td>34.9</td><td>1.02</td></tr><tr><th>Orbital horizontal diameter</th><td>18.8</td><td>16.8</td><td>21.3</td><td>18.6</td><td>1.36</td><td>18.1</td><td>15.4</td><td>19.7</td><td>17.7</td><td>1.23</td><td>18.4</td><td>15.0</td><td>18.9</td><td>16.8</td><td>0.95</td><td>16.5</td><td>15.8</td><td>17.8</td><td>16.8</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><th>Snout length</th><td>52.4</td><td>50.0</td><td>55.8</td><td>53.0</td><td>1.30</td><td>52.7</td><td>49.7</td><td>58.5</td><td>53.0</td><td>2.41</td><td>57.3</td><td>53.4</td><td>57.3</td><td>55.1</td><td>1.11</td><td>52.5</td><td>51.5</td><td>54.7</td><td>53.3</td><td>1.03</td></tr><tr><th>Internarial distance</th><td>9.1</td><td>6.4</td><td>10.4</td><td>8.5</td><td>0.99</td><td>8.3</td><td>7.7</td><td>10.8</td><td>9.0</td><td>0.85</td><td>11.1</td><td>8.6</td><td>11.8</td><td>10.1</td><td>0.95</td><td>10.3</td><td>9.6</td><td>11.6</td><td>10.7</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><th><b>Tooth count</b></th></tr><tr><th>Premaxilla</th><td>-</td><td>28</td><td>34</td><td>30.2</td><td>2.13</td><td>24</td><td>23</td><td>26</td><td>24.3</td><td>0.99</td><td>35</td><td>31</td><td>37</td><td>33.8</td><td>1.81</td><td>22</td><td>21.0</td><td>29.0</td><td>24.3</td><td>2.46</td></tr><tr><th>Dentary</th><td>-</td><td>27</td><td>33</td><td>29.8</td><td>1.66</td><td>24</td><td>19</td><td>24</td><td>21.9</td><td>1.58</td><td>34</td><td>29</td><td>35</td><td>31.8</td><td>1.96</td><td>20</td><td>18.0</td><td>24.0</td><td>21.5</td><td>2.20</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 8 in A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species

<p><b>TABLE 8 |</b> Descriptive morphometrics of <i>Rhinotocinclus</i> species. Values given as percent of standard length or head length. Range includes the holotype (Hol), SD = standard deviation.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>R. pentakelis</i> n = 16</th><th></th><th><i>R. marginalis</i> n = 13</th><th></th><th></th><th><i>R. loxochelis</i> n = 9</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Character</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td></tr><tr><th>Standard length (mm)</th><td>18.1</td><td>23.6</td><td>21.2</td><td></td><td>19.6</td><td>18.2</td><td>20.8</td><td>19.4</td><td></td><td>22.6</td><td>20.3</td><td>23.1</td><td>21.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of SL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Body depth</th><td>18.4</td><td>20.8</td><td>19.5</td><td>0.80</td><td>17.7</td><td>16.5</td><td>18.7</td><td>17.9</td><td>0.62</td><td>18.7</td><td>18.3</td><td>20.4</td><td>19.4</td><td>0.70</td></tr><tr><th>Predosal distance</th><td>47.1</td><td>49.5</td><td>48.1</td><td>0.79</td><td>47.8</td><td>43.6</td><td>49.8</td><td>47.7</td><td>1.45</td><td>50.0</td><td>48.7</td><td>52.8</td><td>50.5</td><td>1.55</td></tr><tr><th>Prepelvic distance</th><td>42.0</td><td>45.2</td><td>43.6</td><td>0.83</td><td>45.2</td><td>43.1</td><td>46.7</td><td>44.7</td><td>1.11</td><td>44.1</td><td>42.8</td><td>46.4</td><td>44.3</td><td>1.19</td></tr><tr><th>Preanal distance</th><td>62.4</td><td>66.6</td><td>64.3</td><td>1.20</td><td>62.9</td><td>56.4</td><td>65.1</td><td>62.9</td><td>2.22</td><td>65.0</td><td>61.7</td><td>66.2</td><td>63.9</td><td>1.27</td></tr><tr><th>Preadipose distance</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin spine length</th><td>27.0</td><td>30.8</td><td>28.8</td><td>1.24</td><td>23.1</td><td>21.9</td><td>25.7</td><td>24.1</td><td>1.18</td><td>25.7</td><td>23.2</td><td>27.6</td><td>25.4</td><td>1.29</td></tr><tr><th>Anal-fin unbranched ray length</th><td>18.4</td><td>21.8</td><td>19.7</td><td>0.90</td><td>18.0</td><td>17.0</td><td>19.9</td><td>18.6</td><td>0.77</td><td>17.3</td><td>17.1</td><td>19.0</td><td>18.0</td><td>0.73</td></tr><tr><th>Adipose-fin spine length</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Pectoral-fin spine length</th><td>28.8</td><td>33.5</td><td>30.6</td><td>1.23</td><td>28.7</td><td>28.3</td><td>30.3</td><td>29.2</td><td>0.58</td><td>32.1</td><td>30.4</td><td>32.1</td><td>31.2</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><th>Caudal peduncle depth</th><td>10.1</td><td>11.7</td><td>10.7</td><td>0.42</td><td>9.2</td><td>9.3</td><td>10.0</td><td>9.6</td><td>0.23</td><td>10.5</td><td>10.3</td><td>11.2</td><td>10.8</td><td>0.31</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-adipose fin distance</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin base length</th><td>11.1</td><td>13.1</td><td>12.5</td><td>0.46</td><td>12.1</td><td>11.4</td><td>12.4</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.27</td><td>11.9</td><td>11.8</td><td>13.5</td><td>12.6</td><td>0.66</td></tr><tr><th>Lower caudal-fin principal ray</th><td>26.9</td><td>34.6</td><td>29.9</td><td>1.88</td><td>27.4</td><td>27.4</td><td>31.5</td><td>29.0</td><td>1.37</td><td>27.4</td><td>24.5</td><td>29.2</td><td>27.0</td><td>1.51</td></tr><tr><th>Cleithral width</th><td>25.4</td><td>27.5</td><td>26.2</td><td>0.53</td><td>25.6</td><td>24.6</td><td>27.2</td><td>25.8</td><td>0.67</td><td>26.2</td><td>26.1</td><td>27.4</td><td>26.8</td><td>0.50</td></tr><tr><th>Head length</th><td>37.5</td><td>39.7</td><td>38.3</td><td>0.61</td><td>39.2</td><td>38.0</td><td>40.8</td><td>39.3</td><td>0.97</td><td>39.3</td><td>39.3</td><td>42.1</td><td>40.4</td><td>0.79</td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of HL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Head depth</th><td>43.6</td><td>49.5</td><td>47.1</td><td>1.70</td><td>45.2</td><td>40.2</td><td>46.1</td><td>44.0</td><td>1.83</td><td>49.4</td><td>44.3</td><td>49.4</td><td>46.8</td><td>1.75</td></tr><tr><th>Interorbital distance</th><td>36.9</td><td>40.9</td><td>39.1</td><td>0.94</td><td>34.8</td><td>34.8</td><td>37.6</td><td>36.1</td><td>0.86</td><td>42.3</td><td>38.8</td><td>43.9</td><td>42.1</td><td>1.46</td></tr><tr><th>Orbital horizontal diameter</th><td>15.9</td><td>18.2</td><td>16.7</td><td>0.62</td><td>16.7</td><td>14.9</td><td>17.5</td><td>16.2</td><td>0.72</td><td>17.5</td><td>15.9</td><td>18.1</td><td>17.3</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><th>Snout length</th><td>49.2</td><td>53.3</td><td>51.0</td><td>1.05</td><td>51.4</td><td>47.9</td><td>53.1</td><td>50.7</td><td>1.27</td><td>50.0</td><td>49.4</td><td>52.3</td><td>51.0</td><td>0.98</td></tr><tr><th>Internarial distance</th><td>7.6</td><td>12.3</td><td>9.7</td><td>1.55</td><td>12.4</td><td>8.2</td><td>13.2</td><td>11.1</td><td>1.30</td><td>14.4</td><td>11.8</td><td>14.4</td><td>13.0</td><td>0.80</td></tr><tr><th><b>Tooth count</b></th></tr><tr><th>Premaxilla</th><td>15</td><td>22</td><td>18.3</td><td>1.69</td><td>14</td><td>12</td><td>18</td><td>15.5</td><td>1.71</td><td>20</td><td>16</td><td>22</td><td>19.9</td><td>1.83</td></tr><tr><th>Dentary</th><td>14</td><td>21</td><td>16.8</td><td>1.81</td><td>13</td><td>11</td><td>16</td><td>13.3</td><td>1.25</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td>19</td><td>16.9</td><td>1.27</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 7 in A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species

<p><b>TABLE 7 |</b> Descriptive morphometrics of <i>Rhinotocinclus</i> species. Values given as percent of standard length or head length. Range includes the holotype (Hol), SD = standard deviation.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>R. bockmanni</i> n = 8</th><th></th><th><i>R. dani</i> n = 14</th><th></th><th></th><th><i>R. hera</i> n = 10</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Character</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td></tr><tr><th>Standard length (mm)</th><td>18.3</td><td>23.0</td><td>19.8</td><td></td><td>27.4</td><td>20.4</td><td>27.4</td><td>24.1</td><td></td><td>25.2</td><td>19.4</td><td>26.1</td><td>22.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of SL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Body depth</th><td>17.2</td><td>22.2</td><td>20.0</td><td>1.89</td><td>17.3</td><td>16.3</td><td>18.3</td><td>17.1</td><td>0.58</td><td>15.8</td><td>14.6</td><td>17.5</td><td>16.0</td><td>0.93</td></tr><tr><th>Predosal distance</th><td>47.5</td><td>51.2</td><td>49.3</td><td>1.21</td><td>48.6</td><td>47.5</td><td>49.8</td><td>48.4</td><td>0.77</td><td>49.0</td><td>47.2</td><td>50.5</td><td>48.6</td><td>0.92</td></tr><tr><th>Prepelvic distance</th><td>44.4</td><td>47.3</td><td>45.9</td><td>1.08</td><td>45.3</td><td>43.7</td><td>45.7</td><td>44.8</td><td>0.56</td><td>44.4</td><td>43.3</td><td>47.4</td><td>44.7</td><td>1.53</td></tr><tr><th>Preanal distance</th><td>64.7</td><td>67.6</td><td>66.0</td><td>0.92</td><td>65.1</td><td>63.8</td><td>66.1</td><td>65.1</td><td>0.69</td><td>64.8</td><td>63.4</td><td>67.0</td><td>64.4</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><th>Preadipose distance</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin spine length</th><td>24.2</td><td>28.3</td><td>26.1</td><td>1.56</td><td>24.0</td><td>24.0</td><td>27.0</td><td>25.3</td><td>0.90</td><td>25.1</td><td>21.5</td><td>25.1</td><td>23.7</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><th>Anal-fin unbranched ray length</th><td>18.2</td><td>21.3</td><td>19.0</td><td>1.09</td><td>15.5</td><td>15.5</td><td>19.3</td><td>16.6</td><td>1.07</td><td>18.3</td><td>14.4</td><td>18.3</td><td>16.7</td><td>1.30</td></tr><tr><th>Adipose-fin spine length</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Pectoral-fin spine length</th><td>29.3</td><td>31.6</td><td>30.3</td><td>0.74</td><td>29.8</td><td>29.2</td><td>31.8</td><td>30.4</td><td>0.82</td><td>29.8</td><td>27.6</td><td>29.9</td><td>28.9</td><td>0.88</td></tr><tr><th>Caudal peduncle depth</th><td>10.6</td><td>11.6</td><td>11.1</td><td>0.37</td><td>8.8</td><td>8.8</td><td>9.9</td><td>9.3</td><td>0.28</td><td>8.3</td><td>7.8</td><td>9.3</td><td>8.6</td><td>0.50</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-adipose fin distance</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin base length</th><td>11.8</td><td>14.3</td><td>13.1</td><td>0.75</td><td>11.3</td><td>9.8</td><td>12.7</td><td>11.5</td><td>0.87</td><td>9.3</td><td>9.3</td><td>12.3</td><td>10.3</td><td>1.08</td></tr><tr><th>Lower caudal-fin principal ray</th><td>28.4</td><td>34.1</td><td>31.0</td><td>1.96</td><td>-</td><td>24.3</td><td>27.9</td><td>26.4</td><td>1.12</td><td>25.3</td><td>24.3</td><td>29.7</td><td>26.7</td><td>1.93</td></tr><tr><th>Cleithral width</th><td>24.2</td><td>26.7</td><td>25.4</td><td>0.91</td><td>23.6</td><td>23.6</td><td>26.5</td><td>25.3</td><td>0.91</td><td>24.5</td><td>23.6</td><td>26.0</td><td>24.6</td><td>0.72</td></tr><tr><th>Head length</th><td>38.4</td><td>41.6</td><td>39.9</td><td>0.98</td><td>38.3</td><td>36.3</td><td>40.0</td><td>38.2</td><td>1.1</td><td>37.6</td><td>35.1</td><td>41.2</td><td>38.5</td><td>1.95</td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of HL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Head depth</th><td>41.3</td><td>45.4</td><td>43.0</td><td>1.57</td><td>42.9</td><td>39.9</td><td>43.5</td><td>42.4</td><td>0.9</td><td>42.8</td><td>39.9</td><td>45.5</td><td>42.2</td><td>1.97</td></tr><tr><th>Interorbital distance</th><td>32.7</td><td>36.1</td><td>34.4</td><td>1.23</td><td>39.2</td><td>36.2</td><td>41.9</td><td>38.7</td><td>1.6</td><td>36.4</td><td>33.7</td><td>37.7</td><td>35.4</td><td>1.37</td></tr><tr><th>Orbital horizontal diameter</th><td>16.2</td><td>18.6</td><td>17.5</td><td>0.86</td><td>14.6</td><td>13.6</td><td>16.7</td><td>15.3</td><td>0.8</td><td>16.6</td><td>15.1</td><td>17.3</td><td>16.5</td><td>0.68</td></tr><tr><th>Snout length</th><td>49.0</td><td>52.2</td><td>50.3</td><td>1.07</td><td>53.1</td><td>50.8</td><td>55.6</td><td>52.7</td><td>1.2</td><td>52.8</td><td>51.9</td><td>55.6</td><td>53.5</td><td>1.40</td></tr><tr><th>Internarial distance</th><td>6.6</td><td>10.7</td><td>8.6</td><td>1.26</td><td>11.0</td><td>9.6</td><td>12.0</td><td>11.0</td><td>0.7</td><td>9.8</td><td>7.2</td><td>11.2</td><td>9.9</td><td>1.22</td></tr><tr><th><b>Tooth count</b></th></tr><tr><th>Premaxilla</th><td>11</td><td>14</td><td>12.5</td><td>0.93</td><td>26</td><td>19</td><td>28</td><td>21.9</td><td>2.7</td><td>20</td><td>16</td><td>22</td><td>18.7</td><td>2.26</td></tr><tr><th>Dentary</th><td>9</td><td>12</td><td>11.0</td><td>1.07</td><td>22</td><td>16</td><td>22</td><td>19.4</td><td>1.7</td><td>21</td><td>15</td><td>21</td><td>17.4</td><td>2.01</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 9 in A new genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Greater Amazon, with a review of the species and description of five new species

<p><b>TABLE 9 |</b> Descriptive morphometrics of <i>Rhinotocinclus</i> species. Values given as percent of standard length or head length. Range includes the holotype (Hol), SD = standard deviation.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>R. chromodontus</i> n = 11</th><th></th><th><i>R. acuen</i> n = 11</th><th></th><th></th><th><i>R. jumaorum</i> n = 14</th><th></th><th><i>R. dinizae</i> n = 4</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Character</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Hol</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td><td>Low</td><td>High</td><td>Mean</td><td>SD</td></tr><tr><th>Standard length (mm)</th><td>26.2</td><td>23.3</td><td>32.2</td><td>26.9</td><td></td><td>25.8</td><td>22.3</td><td>27.4</td><td>25.2</td><td></td><td>26.3</td><td>24.4</td><td>31.0</td><td>27.0</td><td></td><td>17.8</td><td>20.0</td><td>19.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of SL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Body depth</th><td>17.9</td><td>17.0</td><td>18.9</td><td>17.9</td><td>0.61</td><td>19.7</td><td>16.6</td><td>19.7</td><td>17.7</td><td>1.00</td><td>15.2</td><td>14.7</td><td>17.9</td><td>16.1</td><td>0.96</td><td>15.8</td><td>16.8</td><td>16.4</td><td>0.47</td></tr><tr><th>Predosal distance</th><td>47.3</td><td>47.0</td><td>51.4</td><td>48.6</td><td>1.32</td><td>50.1</td><td>47.5</td><td>50.1</td><td>48.8</td><td>0.78</td><td>48.1</td><td>47.8</td><td>50.9</td><td>49.1</td><td>1.11</td><td>46.9</td><td>49.5</td><td>48.5</td><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><th>Prepelvic distance</th><td>41.6</td><td>40.9</td><td>45.3</td><td>43.2</td><td>1.59</td><td>44.1</td><td>42.9</td><td>46.5</td><td>44.1</td><td>1.08</td><td>44.3</td><td>42.0</td><td>45.2</td><td>43.9</td><td>0.82</td><td>44.9</td><td>46.6</td><td>45.7</td><td>0.82</td></tr><tr><th>Preanal distance</th><td>61.8</td><td>61.8</td><td>66.4</td><td>64.2</td><td>1.35</td><td>63.8</td><td>62.4</td><td>65.2</td><td>63.8</td><td>1.12</td><td>65.7</td><td>62.7</td><td>65.7</td><td>64.1</td><td>0.87</td><td>63.6</td><td>65.5</td><td>64.3</td><td>0.84</td></tr><tr><th>Preadipose distance</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin spine length</th><td>22.1</td><td>18.5</td><td>23.2</td><td>20.8</td><td>1.60</td><td>20.0</td><td>20.0</td><td>22.8</td><td>21.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>21.7</td><td>20.4</td><td>23.9</td><td>21.8</td><td>0.87</td><td>22.8</td><td>25.5</td><td>24.1</td><td>1.28</td></tr><tr><th>Anal-fin unbranched ray length</th><td>16.0</td><td>13.5</td><td>17.0</td><td>15.1</td><td>0.97</td><td>15.4</td><td>15.0</td><td>17.4</td><td>16.3</td><td>0.83</td><td>16.5</td><td>15.3</td><td>18.2</td><td>16.8</td><td>0.67</td><td>18.5</td><td>19.5</td><td>19.0</td><td>0.44</td></tr><tr><th>Adipose-fin spine length</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Pectoral-fin spine length</th><td>26.8</td><td>26.7</td><td>29.5</td><td>27.8</td><td>0.88</td><td>24.9</td><td>23.1</td><td>26.9</td><td>24.7</td><td>0.98</td><td>25.1</td><td>23.3</td><td>26.7</td><td>24.8</td><td>1.01</td><td>28.1</td><td>30.0</td><td>29.1</td><td>0.83</td></tr><tr><th>Caudal peduncle depth</th><td>9.5</td><td>8.9</td><td>9.8</td><td>9.4</td><td>0.27</td><td>9.7</td><td>8.5</td><td>10.5</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.54</td><td>8.6</td><td>8.4</td><td>9.5</td><td>8.9</td><td>0.34</td><td>8.9</td><td>9.5</td><td>9.1</td><td>0.27</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-adipose fin distance</th><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Dorsal-fin base length</th><td>-</td><td>10.6</td><td>14.2</td><td>12.4</td><td>1.03</td><td>-</td><td>11.6</td><td>13.5</td><td>12.6</td><td>0.59</td><td>10.8</td><td>9.6</td><td>11.1</td><td>10.4</td><td>0.39</td><td>11.0</td><td>12.8</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.88</td></tr><tr><th>Lower caudal-fin principal ray</th><td>27.2</td><td>23.2</td><td>28.4</td><td>25.1</td><td>1.85</td><td>-</td><td>22.7</td><td>27.3</td><td>25.7</td><td>1.34</td><td>-</td><td>22.8</td><td>28.4</td><td>25.4</td><td>1.93</td><td>27.1</td><td>29.7</td><td>28.1</td><td>1.14</td></tr><tr><th>Cleithral width</th><td>25.2</td><td>24.9</td><td>27.9</td><td>26.5</td><td>1.03</td><td>24.1</td><td>21.7</td><td>24.1</td><td>22.9</td><td>0.71</td><td>24.4</td><td>22.4</td><td>24.9</td><td>23.8</td><td>0.75</td><td>22.5</td><td>23.8</td><td>23.0</td><td>0.56</td></tr><tr><th>Head length</th><td>36.3</td><td>36.2</td><td>38.5</td><td>37.1</td><td>0.74</td><td>40.0</td><td>37.0</td><td>40.0</td><td>38.6</td><td>0.89</td><td>36.8</td><td>36.4</td><td>39.7</td><td>37.8</td><td>1.18</td><td>40.0</td><td>41.8</td><td>41.0</td><td>0.75</td></tr><tr><th><b>Percent of HL</b></th></tr><tr><th>Head depth</th><td>45.4</td><td>40.8</td><td>50.1</td><td>46.8</td><td>2.88</td><td>45.1</td><td>41.2</td><td>45.1</td><td>42.8</td><td>1.27</td><td>41.3</td><td>38.5</td><td>43.6</td><td>41.2</td><td>1.70</td><td>37.8</td><td>42.4</td><td>39.7</td><td>2.11</td></tr><tr><th>Interorbital distance</th><td>37.1</td><td>33.9</td><td>37.4</td><td>36.1</td><td>1.05</td><td>35.2</td><td>34.9</td><td>38.7</td><td>36.0</td><td>1.09</td><td>35.6</td><td>32.1</td><td>37.9</td><td>35.1</td><td>1.98</td><td>33.8</td><td>36.2</td><td>35.0</td><td>1.08</td></tr><tr><th>Orbital horizontal diameter</th><td>13.1</td><td>11.5</td><td>13.7</td><td>12.8</td><td>0.63</td><td>14.0</td><td>13.0</td><td>15.5</td><td>13.9</td><td>0.73</td><td>14.0</td><td>12.8</td><td>15.0</td><td>13.9</td><td>0.67</td><td>12.9</td><td>14.8</td><td>13.8</td><td>0.78</td></tr><tr><th>Snout length</th><td>55.4</td><td>53.4</td><td>57.4</td><td>55.2</td><td>1.23</td><td>53.0</td><td>53.0</td><td>56.1</td><td>55.0</td><td>1.16</td><td>57.7</td><td>55.5</td><td>59.8</td><td>57.4</td><td>1.12</td><td>52.9</td><td>54.3</td><td>53.7</td><td>0.62</td></tr><tr><th>Internarial distance</th><td>8.8</td><td>6.2</td><td>13.1</td><td>8.8</td><td>2.19</td><td>9.8</td><td>8.2</td><td>9.9</td><td>9.2</td><td>0.54</td><td>11.6</td><td>9.9</td><td>13.7</td><td>11.5</td><td>0.96</td><td>7.3</td><td>11.3</td><td>10.1</td><td>1.88</td></tr><tr><th><b>Tooth count</b></th></tr><tr><th>Premaxilla</th><td>29</td><td>26.0</td><td>40.0</td><td>31.6</td><td>5.01</td><td>22</td><td>17</td><td>22</td><td>20.1</td><td>1.70</td><td>28</td><td>20.0</td><td>33.0</td><td>27.4</td><td>3.67</td><td>16.0</td><td>17.0</td><td>16.3</td><td>0.50</td></tr><tr><th>Dentary</th><td>25</td><td>21.0</td><td>34.0</td><td>26.8</td><td>3.74</td><td>18</td><td>14</td><td>19</td><td>16.5</td><td>1.75</td><td>25</td><td>18.0</td><td>28.0</td><td>23.3</td><td>3.02</td><td>12.0</td><td>14.0</td><td>13.3</td><td>0.96</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

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Data from: Structural and defensive roles of angiosperm leaf venation network reticulation across an Andes-Amazon elevation gradient

1.The network of minor veins of angiosperm leaves may include loops (reticulation). Variation in network architecture has been hypothesized to have hydraulic and also structural and defensive functions. 2.We measured venation network trait space in eight dimensions for 136 biomass-dominant angiosperm tree species along a 3,300 m elevation gradient in southeastern Peru. We then examined the relative importance of multiple ecological, and evolutionary predictors of reticulation. 3.Variation in minor venation network reticulation was constrained to three axes. These axes described branching vs. reconnecting veins, elongated vs. compact areoles, and high vs. low density veins. Variation in the first two axes was predicted by traits related to mechanical strength and secondary compounds, and in the third axis by site temperature. 4.Synthesis. Defensive and structural factors primarily explain variation in multiple axes of reticulation, with a smaller role for climate-linked hydraulic factors. These results suggest that venation network reticulation may be determined more by species interactions than by hydraulic functions.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Epidemiology, Biodiversity, and Technological Trajectories in the Brazilian Amazon: From Malaria to COVID-19

<p>Dataset of the publication: Codeço CT, Dal’Asta AP, Rorato AC, Lana RM, Neves TC, Andreazzi CS,<br> Barbosa M, Escada MIS, Fernandes DA, Rodrigues DL, Reis IC, Silva-Nunes M, Gontijo AB,<br> Coelho FC and Monteiro AMV (2021) Epidemiology, Biodiversity, and Technological Trajectories in the<br> Brazilian Amazon: From Malaria to COVID-19. Front. Public Health 9:647754. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.647754</p> <p> </p>

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Ant predation towards termite and treehopper baits in the Ecuadorian Amazon

<p>Animals may develop mutualistic associations with other species, whereby prey offer resources or services in exchange for protection from predators. Alternatively, prey may offer resources or services directly to their would-be predators in exchange for their lives. The latter may be the case of hemipterans that engage in mutualistic interactions with ants by offering a honeydew reward. We test the extent to which a honeydew offering vs. partner recognition may play a role as proximate mechanisms deterring ants from predating upon their hemipteran partners. We show that, when presented with a choice between a hemipteran partner and an alternative prey type, mutualist ants were less likely to attack and more likely to remain probing their hemipteran partners. This occurred even in the absence of an immediate sugary reward, suggesting either an evolved or learned partner recognition response. To a similar extent, however, ants were also less likely to attack the alternative prey type when laced with honey, even after the honey had been depleted, suggesting an ability of ants to recognize new potential sources of honey. Either possibility suggests a degree of innate or learned partner recognition.</p>

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2014View details →

Fig. 4 in A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil

Fig. 4. Orbital diameter as a function of head length for species of Charax.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Macrobenthic community of an estuarine tidal flat on the Amazon coast: spatial variations and presence of polychaetes tubes

Figure 2. Relative abundance (%) of taxonomic (A) and feeding groups (B); mean abundance (± standard error) (C) and taxon richness (D) of the macrobenthic fauna of the two sampling plots in the study area.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Figure 3 in Macrobenthic community of an estuarine tidal flat on the Amazon coast: spatial variations and presence of polychaetes tubes

Figure 3. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCO) of the samples of the macrobenthic fauna considering the (A) taxonomic composition and (B) functional group.The vectors represent species/groups correlating more than 50% (based on Spearman correlation coefficients) with one of the first two PCO axes.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Macrobenthic community of an estuarine tidal flat on the Amazon coast: spatial variations and presence of polychaetes tubes

Figure 1. Map of the Piriá river estuary showing the study area (A); Area 1 (B); Area 2 (C); exposed portion of a Diopatra cuprea tube found in the study area and metallic sampler (D).

opencc-by-nc-4.0Apr 2019View details →

Figure 3 in Mycophagous Drosophilidae (Diptera) guild and their hosts in the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 3. Examples of fungal species recorded for Caxiuanã National Forest Reserve: (A) Favolus tenuiculus, (B) Ganoderma australe, (C) Rigidoporus lineatus and (D) Marasmiellus sp. 4.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Apr 2019View details →

Figure 1 in Mycophagous Drosophilidae (Diptera) guild and their hosts in the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 1. Species accumulation curves for the observed richness of the Drosophilidae guild from Caxiuanã National Forest Reserve relative to curves generated using Jackknife 1 (A) and Bootstrap (B) estimators.

Figure 106 in Synopsis of the Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 106. Distribution of Strategus validus in Brazilian Amazonia.

Figure 101 in Synopsis of the Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 101. Distribution of Strategus surinamensis surinamensis in Brazilian Amazonia.

Figure 94 in Synopsis of the Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 94. Distribution of Strategus surinamensis hirtus in Brazilian Amazonia.

Figure 89 in Synopsis of the Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 89. Distribution of Strategus aloeus in Brazilian Amazonia.

Figure 76 in Synopsis of the Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 76. Distribution of Podischnus agenor in Brazilian Amazonia.

Figure 79 in Synopsis of the Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 79. Distribution of Podischnus sexdentatus in Brazilian Amazonia.

Figure 71 in Synopsis of the Oryctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Brazilian Amazon

Figure 71. Distribution of Megaceras stuebeli in Brazilian Amazonia.