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Fig. 2 in Eponyms have no place in 21st-century biological nomenclature

Fig. 2 | Proportions of eponym species in Africa and origins of their names. Percentages are those of eponym species in relation to the total number of species for land vertebrate taxa (amphibians,birds,mammals and reptiles),by African country.Pie charts show the national origins of eponyms for selected countries.Patterns in species eponyms often reflect histories of colonialism and imperialism specific to individual countries (for example, the prevalence of Belgian-derived eponyms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or of Italianderived eponyms in Libya).

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FIGURE 1. A–B in A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the names and new combination published between 1886 and 1931 in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by British botanist Nicholas Edward Brown (1849-1934)

FIGURE 1. A–B. Two Kew botanists appointed in the 1860s and 1870s, in sequence: A. John Gilbert Baker (1834–1920) and B. Nicholas Edward Brown (1849–1934). C–G. A selection of species described in Kalanchoe by N.E. Brown. Where necessary, the nomenclature reflects the currently accepted names of the taxa. C. Kalanchoe ×kewensis N.E.Br., non K. ×kewensis W.Watson, an illegitimate homonym (see text for a discussion). D. Kalanchoe lateritia is the accepted name of K. kirkii. E. Kalanchoe lanceolata is the accepted name of both K. diversa and K. ellacombei. F. Kalanchoe prasina is an accepted species. G. Kalanchoe sexangularis is an accepted species. H. Elise [Eliza] Keller (1869–1944), the wife of the botanist Alwin Berger (1871–1931), is commemorated in K. elizae, the currently accepted name of K. insignis. Kalanchoe elizae was the first name published in Kalanchoe to honour a woman. The name was published in January 1903 by Berger, four months before he and Keller got married. The photograph reproduced here was taken in 1935 while Elise was visiting her son, Fritz, in Pasadena, U.S.A. Photograph credits: A. Photographer unknown. Public Domain. http://www.plantillustrations. org/illustration.php?id_illustration=176522. B. Photographer unknown. Public Domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._E._Brown#/ media/File:NEBrown04.jpg. C–G. All photographs taken by Gideon F. Smith. H. Photographer unknown; © of and reproduced with the permission, through Lutz Schmalfuss, of the Alwin-Berger-Archivs, Bürgerverein Möschlitz e.V., Germany.

FIGURES 57–62. 57–58 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 57–62. 57–58. Phthiadema cyanea (Signoret); 59–60. Phthia lunata (Fabricius); 61–62. Phthiarella decorata (Stål).

FIGURES 19–25. 19 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 19–25. 19. Leptoscelis divisa Stål; 20. Leptoscelis elongator (Fabricius); 21. Leptoscelis excellens Stål; 22–25. Malvana serrulata Stål.

FIGURES 44–49. 44 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 44–49. 44. Amblyomia bifasciata Stål; 45. Leptostellana parva Brailovsky; 46–47. Holhymenia histrio (Fabricius); 48. Bellamynacoris peruvianus Brailovsky; 49. Rhytidophthia splendida (Valdés).

FIGURES 13–18. 13 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 13–18. 13. Baldus vinulus (Stål); 14. Dalmatomammurius cebrenoides (Bl̂te); 15. Diactor bilineatus (Fabricius); 16–17. Holhymenia histrio (Fabricius); 18. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann.

FIGURES 32–37. 32 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 32–37. 32. Bellamynacoris peruvianus Brailovsky; 33. Narnia femorata Stål; 34. Onoremia acuminata Brailovsky; 35. Chondrocera mirabilis Brailovsky & Barrera; 36. Rhytidophthia splendida (Valdés); 37. Plunentis porosus Stål.

FIGURES 26–31. 26 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 26–31. 26. Phthia lunata (Fabricius); 27. Phthiacnemia picta (Drury); 28. Phthiadema cyanea (Signoret); 29. Phthiarella decorata (Stål); 30. Tarpeius egeri Brailovsky & Barrera; 31. Ugnius badius (Herrich-Schäffer).

FIGURES 50–56. 50 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 50–56. 50. Ugnius badius (Herrich-Schäffer); 51. Phthiacnemia picta (Drury); 52. Mamurius mopsus Stål; 53–54. Malvana serrulata Stål; 55. Phthia lunata (Fabricius); 56. Phthiarella decorata (Stål).

FIGURES 38–43. 38 in Studies in the New World tribe Anisoscelini Laporte, 1832 (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae): updated distributions, nomenclatural changes, and keys to the genera of the tribe and the species of Anisoscelis Latreille, 1829 and Bitta Osuna, 1984

FIGURES 38–43. 38. Kalinckascelis bambusae Brailovsky; 39. Mamurius mopsus Stål; 40. Sephinioides ugaldei Brailovsky; 41. Malvanaioides intrincata Brailovsky; 42. Leptopelios ventus Brailovsky; 43. Coribergia declivicollis (Berg).

Fig. 6 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 6. Verteilung der wichtigsten physiologischen Pflanzengruppen in den Vegetationsgebieten der Erde [Division of the important physiological plant groups in the vegetation of the earth] (Engler 1882, p. 387).

Fig. 9 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 9. Takhtajan's floristic kingdoms and regions of the earth (Takhtajan 1978, separate map). Red solid and dashed lines indicate the boundaries of kingdoms; green solid and dashed lines indicate the boundaries of the regions.

Fig. 3 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 3. Zoogeographic regions recognised by Wallace (1876a, 1876b) in The Geographical Distribution of Animals.

Fig. 13 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 13. Map of the terrestrial zoogeographic realms and regions of the world (Holt et al. 2013a, fig. 1).

Fig. 2 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 2. Tabula mundi geographico zoologica sistens quadrupedes hucusque notos sedibus suis adscriptos, second edition (Zimmermann 1783). The revised map in the 1783 German edition contains the newly discovered Sandwich Islands (Hawai'i) and the Seychelles, which were absent in the original 1777 edition (Ebach 2015, p. 31; source: National Library of Australia).

Fig. 5 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 5. Outline map of the world, showing the six regions of the geographical distribution of mammals (Sclater and Sclater 1899, map opposite p. 16).

Fig. 1 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 1. Representation of the distribution of mammals according to their zones and provinces by Wagner (1844). The southern boundary of the northern polar province is indicated by a line of a different colour, drawn somewhat further south than the equatorial border of the Arctic fox ([Vulpes] lagopus), although not so far in some places as the reindeer may descend there on their summer migrations. The southern polar province is not included in this map, because it is only in the process of discovery and, according to all previous experience, it does not harbour land mammals (Wagner 1846b, p. 241; Table 1).

Fig. 14 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 14. World biogeographical regionalisation, with indication of the regions and transition zones. (1) Nearctic region; (2) Palearctic region; (3) Neotropical region; (4) Ethiopian region; (5) Oriental region; (6) Andean region; (7) Australian region; (8) Antarctic region; (9) Mexican transition zone; (10) Chinese transition zone; (11) Saharo-Arabian transition zone; (12) South American transition zone; (13) Indo-Malayan transition zone.

Fig. 12 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 12. The six major biogeographical divisions of Kreft and Jetz (2010) are highlighted in the dendrogram with large coloured rectangles: Australian (orange); Neotropical (red); African (brown); Oriental (yellow); Palaearctic (blue); Nearctic (green). The first 30 groups in the dendrogram (small rectangles) and in the map are displayed in different colours. Additionally, the first 60 groups are indicated with black boundaries in the map (Kreft and Jetz 2010, fig 9).

Fig. 7 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 7. Biogeographische Gliederung der Kontinente [Biogeographic Classification of the Continents] (Arldt 1907, map 1). Shaded areas indicate regions; hatched lines indicate the boundaries of kingdoms; bold lines the boundaries of regions; and thin lines the boundaries of subregions.