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Figure 4 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds

Figure 4 Spotted towhee predictors from the AICc top model for PC1approach (a), PC2fly (b), and PC3song (c). (a) Towhees approach more slowly and maintain a greater distance from the speaker as sound level increases. Shading represents 95% CI and rug plot denotes sound level of individual trials. California spotted towhees fly more frequently on control trials (b) and display a weaker song response during treatment-off trials (c) than on all other trials, within and among populations (see [a] for color legend). (b–c) Violins denote kernel density probabilities differentiated by trial type (x axis) and population (color), with means (±1 SE) connected by dotted line; boxplots denote median and quartiles, and whiskers show 1.5 times the interquartile range; points represent individual trials; and asterisks denote significant contrasts corresponding to 95% CIs (see Supplementary Appendix Table A3 for values). Data displayed as untransformed components.

Figure 2 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds

Figure 2 Site design schematic of Idaho and California study areas. Tripods represent loudspeaker setups. aAny trial with chorusing cicadas was counted as cicada treatment, regardless of the trial type (treatment-on, treatment-off, control). bControl sites had the same layout as treatment sites, but with mock loudspeaker setups. cWe excluded cicada trials from analysis for spotted towhees due to low sample size.

Figure 3 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds

Figure 3 Lazuli bunting predictors from the AICc top model for PC1fly (a) and PC3approach (b) response variables. (a) Buntings fly more as sound level increases in the presence of cicada noise (dashed line) and fly less as sound level increases in the absence of cicada noise (solid line). Rug plot indicates sound level for individual trials differentiated by presence/absence of cicadas (see [b] for color legend). (b) As sound level increases, buntings approach the conspecific speaker more slowly and maintain a greater distance from it. (a & b) Shaded bands denote 95% CIs. Data displayed as untransformed components.

Figure 1 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds

Figure 1 Spectrograms (a) of spotted towhee song (left) and lazuli bunting song (right) in quiet control conditions. (b) Power spectra of the three treatments are overlayed with bunting and towhee song power spectra. Power spectra are normalized to a relative peak amplitude of 70 dB (re 1 dimensionless sample units). Treatment noise and song spectra overlap substantially, suggesting high masking potential.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Predation risk drives long-term shifts in migratory behavior and demography in a large herbivore population

Migration is an adaptive life-history strategy that helps individuals across taxa maximize fitness by obtaining forage and avoiding predation risk. The mechanisms driving migratory changes are poorly understood, and links between migratory behavior, space use, and demographic consequences are rare. Here, we use a nearly 20-year record of individual-based monitoring of elk (Cervus canadensis) to test hypotheses for changing patterns of migration in a large herbivore, elk (Cervus canadensis), in and adjacent to a large protected area in Banff National Park (BNP), Canada. We test whether bottom-up (forage quality) or top-down (predation risk) factors explained trends in i) the proportion of individuals using 5 different migratory tactics, ii) differences in survival rates of migratory tactics during migration and whilst on summer ranges, iii) cause-specific mortality by wolves and grizzly bears, and iv) population abundance. We found dramatic shifts in migration consistent with behavioral plasticity in individual choice of annual migratory routes. Shifts were inconsistent with exposure to the bottom-up benefits of migration. Instead, exposure to landscape gradients in predation risk caused by exploitation outside the protected area drove migratory shifts. Carnivore exploitation outside the protected area led to higher survival rates for female elk remaining resident or migrating outside the protected area. Cause-specific mortality aligned with exposure to predation risk along migratory routes and summer ranges. Wolf predation risk was higher on migratory routes than summer ranges of montane-migrant tactics, but wolf predation risk traded-off with heightened risk from grizzly bears on summer ranges. A novel eastern migrant tactic emerged following a large forest fire that enhanced forage in an area with lower predation risk outside of the protected area. The changes in migratory behavior translated to population abundance, where abundance of the montane-migratory tactics declined over time. The presence of diverse migratory life histories maintained a higher total population abundance than would have been the case with one migratory tactic in the population. Our study demonstrates the complex ways in which migratory populations change over time through behavioral plasticity and associated demographic consequences because of individuals balancing predation risk and forage trade-offs.

Figure 8 Relationship between host parasitism rate and mean parasitoid load per host. Each data point represents 1 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 8 Relationship between host parasitism rate and mean parasitoid load per host. Each data point represents 1 year of host population sampling data for a single study site. The solid line (blue in the color figure) represents the linear regression model for the data.

Figure 5 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 5 Relationship of effective clutch size and temperature to larval residence time. Each data point represents the mean residence time of the parasitoid larvae inside a single host cicada along with the effective clutch size (number of larvae emerging from the host) and the mean air temperature experienced by the host during parasitoid development. The planar surface represents the multiple linear regression model of the effects of temperature and effective clutch size on larval residence time. Lines connected to the data points indicate the vertical distance of each data point from the regression surface (i.e., the residuals).

Figure 4 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 4 Larviposition by E. erro. A first-instar larva of E. erro on the right fore wing of a T. dorsatus moments after larviposition (larva indicated by blue arrow). The cicada's head and foreleg are at top center.

Figure 3 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 3 Locations of study sites. Filled circles indicate the primary sites used for estimating host parasitism rates, and open circles indicate secondary sites used for additional collections of cicadas and flies. Primary sites are referenced in the text by the counties in which they were located: 1) Harvey Co., 2) McPherson Co., 3) Reno Co., 4) Ellsworth Co., 5) Hamilton Co., and 6) Prowers Co. Both T. dorsatus and E. erro were found at all 11 sites. The inset map indicates the location of the main map in the United States.

Figure 6 in Infection behavior, life history, and host parasitism rates of Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), an acoustically hunting parasitoid of the cicada Tibicen dorsatus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 6 Emergence of E. erro from its host. A mature larva of E. erro emerges from between the left operculum and the abdomen of a deceased male T. dorsatus from Prowers Co., CO.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Dataset Electrochemical Growth of Ag/Zn Alloys from Zinc Process Solutions and Their Dealloying Behavior

Dataset of journal paper Electrochemical Growth of Ag/Zn Alloys  and Their Dealloying Behavior

Lithium for Suicidal Behavior in Mood Disorders

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01928446. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Treatment of Severe Destructive Behavior: FCT Versus Wait-List Control

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02483572. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.

Self Administered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00738920. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.

Behavioral Activation for PTSD/Depression Treatment in OIF/OEF Veterans

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00805532. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Tiny Cargo, Big Deal! An ED-Based Study of Child Passenger Safety Behaviors

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04238247. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.

Effectiveness of Combining Behavioral and Pharmacologic Therapy for Complex Insomnia in Veterans With PTSD

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03937713. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03490981. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

Adapting Multiple Behavior Interventions That Effectively Improve Cancer Survivor Health Cancer Survivor Health

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04000880. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.