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Fig. 14 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 14. Lutetiospongilla heili Richter and Wuttke, 1999, Spongillida: Spongillidae; Eocene, Messel oil shale, Germany. A. Holotype, SMF ME I 5143, carpet of closely bound gemmules with evident lumina and large radial gemmuloscleres. B. Single gemmular theca, firmly sessile on the surface of a woody plant, oblique view. Gemmular lumen (top right). C. Broken gemmule in the sediment with gemmular theca mainly formed of small more or less radially arranged gemmuloscleres. D. Broken-up lumen of a gemmule. Numerous mixed inner ends of large and small gemmuloscleres. E. Megasclere and large gemmuloscleres. F. Scattered sample with numerous huge gemmuloscleres. G. Megascleres originally finely spiny. Here, the pores are further apart and are narrower than in H. H. Gemmuloscleres from Messel with corrosion canals of original dense spines. SEM images. Modified from: A–D, Richter and Wuttke (1999); E, F, Richter and Baszio (2009); G, H, Richter and Baszio (2000).

Fig. 10 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 10. Spongillida gen. et sp. indet. sensu Schindler et al. 2008. Stefanian-Autunian, Permo-Carboniferous, Donnersberg, Friedelhausen, Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany. Thin section of spiculite from the site Lemberg/Saar-Nahe Basin, layer 4 (PWL2004/5035a-LS). A. Longitudinal and cross sections of slim oxeas with axial canal. B. Thick oxea with axial canal. C. Concentric spicule bundle. D. Slim oxea with axial canal. E. Radially arranged spicule bundle. F. Layer surface (find from stockpile) etched with hydrofluoric acid (PWL2004/5039-LS). Modified from Schindler et al. (2008).

Fig. 12. Spongilla purbeckensis Young, 1878 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 12. Spongilla purbeckensis Young, 1878, Spongillida: Spongillidae; Purbeck Limestone, Lower Cretaceous, Stare Cove, Dorset, England. A. Spicules in the spiculite as illustrated by Hinde (1883). B. Spiny oxeas in the drawing of Young (1878). Originally not to scale; it may be inferred from the text that spicules are 450 μm long.

Fig. 9 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 9. Spongillida gen. et sp. indet, sensu Cayeux (1929). Stephanian, upper Carboniferous; Montgros, Gard of the Massif Central, France. Freshwater spiculites where spicules (200–250 μm long) are horizontally arranged (A) and cross cut (B). Modified from Cayeux (1929: pl. XVII).

Fig. 8 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 8. Matris gemmuleanalogi Du, Wang, and Komiya, 2015, from the Ediacaran of Yangtze Gorges area, South China (originally interpreted as Ediacaran freshwater sponge but most likely representing amoebe tests). A. Gemmule-like structure in lateral view. B. Gemmule-like structure view from the top. C. Internal microstructures of a broken fossil. Gemmuloscleres-like structures are projected into the coat of the broken gemmule-like; C2, detail of C1 showing three possible layers of a coat (cross-section): a thin homogeneous inner layer, a pneumatic layer-like structure embedded with gemmuloscleres-like structure and a naked outer layer. D. Gemmule like surface with a possible gemmuloscleres protruding in the middle. E. Spine and tubercles on the gemmule-like surface. F. Short, dumbbell-like structure. G. Raphide microsclere-like structure. H. Gemmuloscleres-like structure. SEM images. Modified from Du et al. (2015).

Fig. 17 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 17. Potamophloios canadensis Pisera, Siver, and Wolfe, 2013, Spongillida: Potamolepidae, ZPAL Pf23; Lutetian, middle Eocene, Giraffe Kimberlite maar, Northern Canada. Strongyles (gemmuloscleres) in a wide dimensional range. Malformed spicules (bottom row). SEM images. Modified from Pisera et al. (2013).

Fig. 4 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 4. Gemmule morphology (resting bodies) of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region, subspherical unarmed gemmular theca. B. Metania reticulata (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region, cage of tangential megascleres around the gemmule. C. M. reticulata, ovoid gemmule (removed from the cage, see B) with radial birotules in the gemmular theca. D. Radiospongilla crateriformis (Potts, 1882), Cosmopolitan, gemmuloscleres radially arranged in the theca (cross section). E. Umborotula bogorensis (Weber, 1890), Palaearctic-Oriental-Australasian Region, subspherical gemmule with distal rotules of gemmuloscleres at the theca surface. F. Stratospongilla bombayensis (Carter, 1882), Oriental-Afrotropical Region, hemispherical gemmule with tangential gemmulosclere at the surface. G. R. crateriformis, gemmular theca with radial gemmuloscleres (close up, cross section). H. U. bogorensis, gemmule surface with distal rotules of birotule gemmuloscleres (close up). I . Oncosclera rousseleti (Kirkpatrick, 1906), Afrotropical Region, gemmule surface with tangential strongyle gemmuloscleres (close up, cross section). SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002, 2005, 2009).

Fig. 3 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 3. Morphology of microscleres of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A–C. Microxeas variously ornate by spines or tubercles. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region. B. Sterrastrolepis brasiliensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and De Rosa Barbosa, 1978, Neotropical Region. C. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. D. Microstrongyle with spines of Metania reticulata (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. E. Aster-like microscleres with hooks of Dosilia plumosa (Carter, 1849), Oriental Region. F. Pseudomicrobirotules of Corvospongilla burmanica (Kirkpatrick, 1908), Oriental Region. SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002).

Fig. 2 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 2. Morphology of megascleres of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A–F. Oxeas. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region, slim smooth oxeas. B. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region, stout smooth oxeas. C. Lubomirskia baikalensis (Pallas, 1771), Palaearctic Region, spiny oxeas. D. Makedia tanaensis Manconi, Cubeddu, and Pronzato, 1999, Afrotropical Region, variously spiny slim oxeas. E. Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma (Potts,1880), Nearctic Region, irregularly micro-spiny oxea. F. Cortispongilla barroisi (Topsent, 1892), Palaearctic Region, irregularly micro-granulated oxea. G–L. Strongyles. G. Potamolepis marshalli Burton, 1938, Afrotropical Region, smooth, stout strongyles with inflated tips. H. Sterrastrolepis brasiliensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and De Rosa Barbosa, 1978, Neotropical Region, smooth strongyles. I. Baikalospongia bacillifera Dybowsky, 1880, Palaearctic Region, strongyloxeas with hooked tips. J. Potamolepis micropora Burton, 1938, Afrotropical Region, strongyles with microspines and inflated tips. K. Swartschewskia papyracea (Dybowsky, 1880), Palaearctic Region, spiny strongyles. L. Nudospongilla cunningtoni (Kirkpatrick, 1906), Afrotropical Region, spiny, slim strongyles. SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002, 2009).

Fig. 1 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review

Fig. 1. Growth forms (A–D) and skeletal architecture with variable amount of spongin (E–G) of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A. Oncosclera jewelli (Volkmer-Ribeiro, 1963), Neotropical Region. B. Stratospongilla sp. C. Metania rhodesiana (Burton, 1938), Afrotropical Region. D. Drulia sp. E. Heterorotula capewelli (Bowerbank, 1863), Australasian Region. F. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. G. Uruguayella repens (Hinde, 1888), Neotropical Region. E–G SEM images.

Fig. 1. A, B in Oligocene-Miocene freshwater gastropods from the Oltu-Narman Basin in eastern Turkey

Fig. 1. A, B. Geographic position of the investigated section at the northeastern margin of the Oltu-Narman Basin in Eastern Anatolia (A), and detailed map of the position of the Kömürlü section indicated by an arrowhead (B). Outline of the Oltu-Narman Basin after Bozkuş (1990); maps generated with Google Earth Version 7.3.1, Image © 2018 Digital Globe; image taken in 7/5/2010. C. Picture and sedimentological log of the Kömürlü section 40°46'14.74" N, 42°18'21.05" E, WGS84) with sample position.

Fig. 5 in Oligocene-Miocene freshwater gastropods from the Oltu-Narman Basin in eastern Turkey

Fig. 5. Physid (A, B) and planorbid (C–I) gastropods from upper Oligocene–lower Miocene Susuz Formation, Kömürlü, Turkey. A, B. Aplexa cf. subhypnorum Gottschick, 1920. A. NHMW 2018/0019/0020, in dorsal (A1) and apertural (A2) views; detail of sculpture (A3). B. NHMW 2018/0019/0021, in apertural view. C–E. Planorbarius cf. cornu (Brongniart, 1810). C. NHMW 2018/0019/0022, in apical view, specimen with characteristic protoconch microsculpture; C1 detail of C2. D. NHMW 2018/0019/0023, in apical view, specimen with prominent spiral cords. E. NHMW 2018/0019/0024, in lateral view. F–I. Gyraulus sp. F. NHMW 2018/0019/0025, in umbilical (F1), apical (F2), and lateral (F3) views. G. NHMW 2018/0019/0026, in umbilical (G1), apical (G2), and lateral (G3) views. H. NHMW 2018/0019/0027, in umbilical (H1) and apical (F2) views. I. NHMW 2018/0019/0028, in lateral view. Scale bars A1, A2, B, 5 mm; C1, 200 μm; A3, C2, D, E, 1 mm, F–I, 500 μm.

Fig. 3 in Oligocene-Miocene freshwater gastropods from the Oltu-Narman Basin in eastern Turkey

Fig. 3. Bithyniid gastropod Bithynia erzurumensis sp. nov. from the upper Oligocene–lower Miocene Susuz Formation, Kömürlü, Turkey. A. NHMW 2018/0019/0006, holotype in apertural view. B. NHMW 2018/0019/0007, paratype in apertural view. C. NHMW 2018/0019/0008, paratype in dorsal view. D. NHMW 2018/0019/0008, paratype in apertural view showing in situ operculum. E. NHMW 2018/0019/0010, paratype in apical view. F. NHMW 2018/0019/0012, outer surface of operculum. G. NHMW 2018/0019/0013, outer surface of operculum. H. NHMW 2018/0019/0014, inner surface of operculum. Scale bars 0.5 mm, if not stated otherwise.

Fig. 4 in Oligocene-Miocene freshwater gastropods from the Oltu-Narman Basin in eastern Turkey

Fig. 4. Valvatid gastropod Valvata koehleri sp. nov. from the upper Oligocene–lower Miocene Susuz Formation, Kömürlü, Turkey. A. NHMW 2018/0019/0018, paratype in apertural (A1), lateral (A2), apical (A3), and umbilical (A4) views. B. NHMW 2018/0019/0016, paratype in lateral (B1, B2), apical (B3), and umbilical (B4) views. C. NHMW 2018/0019/0017, paratype in lateral views (C1, C2); protoconch (C3). D. NHMW 2018/0019/0015, holotype in apical (D1), umbilical (D2), apertural (D3), lateral (D4), and dorsal (D5) views. Scale bars 2 mm, if not stated otherwise.

Fig. 2 in Oligocene-Miocene freshwater gastropods from the Oltu-Narman Basin in eastern Turkey

Fig. 2. Neritid gastropod Theodoxus susuzianus sp. nov. from the upper Oligocene–lower Miocene Susuz Formation, Kömürlü, Turkey. A. NHMW 2018/0019/0001, holotype in apertural (A1), oblique apical (A2), and dorsal (A3) views. B. NHMW 2018/0019/0002, paratype in apertural (B1) and oblique apical (B2) views; detail of protoconch (B3), arrowhead indicates transition into teleoconch. C. NHMW 2018/0019/0003, paratype in apertural C1) and oblique apical (C2) views. D. NHMW 2018/0019/0004, paratype in apertural (D1) and oblique apical (D2) views; details of sculpture (D3). Scale bars 2 mm, if not stated otherwise.

Fig. 4 in A new freshwater basal eucryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Spain

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of the eucryptodiran turtle Hoyasemys jimenezi gen. et sp. nov. (MCCM−LH 84) from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Photograph (A) and explanatory drawing (B).

Fig. 5. Majority rule tree from the 87 in A new freshwater basal eucryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Spain

Fig. 5. Majority rule tree from the 87 maximum parsimonious trees produced by the cladistic analysis of Hoyasemys jimenezi in the modified data set of Joyce (2007). Retention index (RI) = 0.863 and consistency index (CI) = 0.569. Values refer percentages under 100% obtained in the majority rule analysis. Branchs with percentage under 50% are collapsed. Letters refer to the nodes mentioned in the text.

Fig. 2 in A new freshwater basal eucryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Spain

Fig. 2. Skull and cervical vertebrae of the eucryptodiran turtle Hoyasemys jimenezi gen. et sp. nov. (MCCM−LH 84) from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Photograph (A) and explanatory drawing (B).

Fig. 1 in A new freshwater basal eucryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Spain

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological location of the fossil site of Las Hoyas (Cuenca, Spain), in the Mesozoic context of the Iberian Ranges.

Fig. 3 in A new freshwater basal eucryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Spain

Fig. 3. Ventral view of the eucryptodiran turtle Hoyasemys jimenezi gen. et sp. nov. (MCCM−LH 84) from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Photograph (A) and explanatory drawing (B).