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Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods

Figure 1. Distribution of taxa studied herein in Australian waters. Numbers and letters in shapes indicate primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species of: Gymnobela [circles: 1 – G1/ G. agassizi (Verrill and Smith, 1880); 2 – G2/G. engonia (Verrill, 1884); 3 – G3/G. angulosa Sysoev, 1988; 4 – G4/G. frielei (Verril, 1885)] and Pontiothauma (squares: 1 – P1/P. sp.; 2 – P2/ P. transregna sp. n.). Thin lines mark limits among marine realms (numbered as in Costello et al. 2017). Asterisks mark non-sequenced material. Scale bars = 200 km.

Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods

Figure 3. Shells of Gymnobela primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G1/ G. agassizi (Verrill and Smith, 1880), Australian Museum (AMS) C.519355; (B) G. agassizii (Verrill and S. Smith, 1880), holotype UNSM 37828; (C) G. engonia (Verrill, 1884), holotype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 3483; (D) G2/G. engonia AMS C.594980; (E) G2/G. engonia AMS C.593510; (F) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482287; (G) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482286; (H) G2/G. engonia AMS C.571816. Scale bar: A–D, F–H = 10 mm; E = 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods

Figure 6. Hypodermic teeth of primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G1/ Gymnobela agassizi (Verrill and Smith, 1880), Australian Museum (AMS) C.519355; (B) G2/Gymnobela engonia, AMS C.482287; (C) G3/Gymnobela angulosa Sysoev, 1988, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM) mol 20070770; (D) G3/Gymnobela angulosa Sysoev, 1988 AMS C.571648; (E) G4/ Gymnobela frielei (Barnard, 1963) AMS C.482314; (F) P1/Pontiothauma sp. AMS C.482298; (G) P2/ Pontiothauma transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398. Scale bar: A–E = 50 µm; F–G = 100 µm.

Figure 5 in Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods

Figure 5. Shells of Pontiothauma primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species. (A) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519343; (B) P1/ P. sp. Australian Museum (AMS) C.571758; (C) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.482298; (D) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519375; (E) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. holotype AMS C.571641; (F) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398; (G) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.593511; (H) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.482289; (I) P. mirabile holotype E.A. Smith 1895 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) M179/1; (J) P. pacei E.A. Smith 1906 paratype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1906.7.21.1; (K) P. sp. AMS C.547959; (L) Miniatures of shells drawn to scale. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 14 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 14. Plan diagrams of the subumbrella margin of the two subgroups of Cyanea. a) Cyanea capillata, capillata-group; b) Cyanea nozakii, nozakii-group. Red arrows indicate the radial septa, which are complete in the former and interrupted in the latter. pmc = primary marginal cleft, smc = secondary marginal cleft. From Stiasny and van der Maaden (1943).

FIGURE 13 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 13. Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates for six standardised and isometric measures of Cyanea annaskala, Cyanea rosea and Cyanea altafissura sp nov. Values for CAP1 and CAP2 were 0.93 and 0.41 respectively. (bt = bell thickness; dcmf = depth of coronal muscle folds; dsmc = depth of secondary marginal cleft, dpmc = depth of primary marginal cleft; nrmf = number of radial muscle folds; ncmf = number of coronal muscle folds).

FIGURE 11 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 11. Rooted Maximum Likelihood COI tree using GTR + I + G model of evolution: North Atlantic Ocean, red; Tropical Atlantic Ocean, black; South Pacific Ocean, blue; Indian Ocean, orange. Bootstrap support values (ML) are given above branches, with posterior probabilities (BY) given below branches.

FIGURE 9 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 9. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view, showing coronal muscle fields and inter-radial gastric cirri.

FIGURE 8 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 8. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view showing one of the four gonads (g) emerging from between adjacent oral pillars (op) at base of oral arms (oa). Velar (vcmf) and rhopalial (rcmf) coronal muscle fields, radial muscle fields (rmf) and tentacle bundles (tb) also shown.

FIGURE 7 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 7. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view of U-shaped tentacular bundle (tb), hollow tentacle (t), velar (vcmf) and rhopalial (rcmf) coronal muscle fields, radial muscle fields (rmf), primary marginal cleft (pmc) and rhopalium (r).

FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 5. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. View of subumbrella showing rectangular shape of marginal lappets, the comparative depths of the primary/velar (pmc) and secondary/rhopalial (smc) clefts, and the dendritic and anastomosing nature of marginal canals.

FIGURE 12 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 12: Rooted Maximum likelihood ITS1 tree using the GTR + I + G model of evolution: North Atlantic Ocean, red; Tropical Atlantic Ocean, black; South Pacific Ocean, blue; Pacific Ocean, purple. Bootstrap support values (ML) are given above branches, with posterior probabilities (BY) given below branches.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 4. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. a) Exumbrella surface showing uniform distribution of nematocyst warts.

FIGURE 3 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 3. Diagram depicting the features that were counted or measured (mm) on Cyanea specimens collected from NW Africa (bd = bell diameter; cmwr = rhopalial coronal muscle width; cmwv = velar coronal muscle width; dcmf = depth of coronal muscle folds; dpmc = depth of primary marginal cleft; dsmc = depth of secondary marginal cleft; gvpc = gastrovascular pits in the coronal muscle folds; gvpr = gastrovascular pits in the radial muscle folds; loa = length of oral arms; mlw = marginal lappet width; ncmf = number of coronal muscle folds; ncn = number of nematocyst clusters; ncp = nematocyst clusters protrude; nsl = number of secondary lobes; nt = number of tentacles; ntr = number of tentacle rows; tmc = tertiary marginal cleft; woa = width of oral arms): adapted from Dawson (2005a).

FIGURE 6 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 6. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. A) Subumbrella view of the bell margin, showing a secondary marginal cleft (smc), the position of radial muscle fields (rmf), the rhopalium (r) and the overlapping edges of the marginal lappets that in effect form a rhopalial tube (see schematic inset). B) subumbrella view of bell margin showing a secondary marginal cleft (smc) and the rhopalial hood (rh). C) detail of rhopalium at base of rhopalial "tube", note the absence of bulbs/papillae on stalk.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 2. Map showing the location of samples collected, with details of the northern Gulf of Guinea (A) and West Africa (B).

FIGURE 10 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 10. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view of gastric sinus running beneath radial muscle fields (rmf) and tentacular bundle (tb), highlighted by red dye. Inset shows point of dye injection (circle) and subsequent movement through anastomosing connections between the tentacular and rhopalial gastrovascular pouches.

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 1. The only described species of Cyanea from the South Atlantic Ocean—Cyanea annasethe from off the west coast of South Africa. a) whole specimen in anteriolateral view, b) detail of subumbrella surface. Although the colours on Haeckel's (1899) iconic image are not based on observations of a living specimen, the images do impart useful information regarding, inter alia, the distribution of papillae on the exumbrella, the relative depths of velar and rhopalial marginal clefts, the numbers of tentacles, the arrangement of lappet canals, the base of the oral arms and the nature of the radial septa. Note too the endodermal core to the tentacles. Adapted from Plate 8, Haeckel (1899).

Figure 6 in Taxonomy and trans-Beringian biogeography of the pond snails (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) of East Asia: an integrative view

Figure 6. Shells of the three lymnaeid species described here as new to science. A, Galba pacifica, the holotype. B, G. pacifica, a paratype (ZIN no. 4/531-2021, a ditch near the Horokatomamu Stream). C, G. pacifica, a paratype (RMBH, no. MLym-1113/4, Naie Stream). D, Kamtschaticana nipponica, the holotype. E, K. nipponica, a paratype (RMBH, no. MLym-1115/3). F, K. nipponica, a paratype (RMBH, no. MLym-1115/1). G, Orientogalba hokkaidoensis, the holotype. H, O. hokkaidoensis, a paratype (Hikirichi Stream). I, O. hokkaidoensis, a paratype (RMBH, no. MLym-1114/2). Scale bars: 5 mm. Photographs: Maxim V. Vinarski (A, B, D, G, H) and Olga V. Aksenova (C, E, F, I).

Figure 2 in Taxonomy and trans-Beringian biogeography of the pond snails (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) of East Asia: an integrative view

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood consensus phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (five partitions: three codons of COI + 16S rRNA + 28S rRNA). Black numbers near nodes are bootstrap support values. Non-target clades are collapsed. The names of taxa recorded in the Far East are red; those having trans-Beringian (Holarctic) ranges are blue; that of the species endemic to Alaska is green; and the names of alien species are purple. The outgroup taxa are omitted. Information on COI, 16S rRNA, and 28S rRNA sequences that were used to build the tree is given in the Supporting Information (Table S1).