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Figure 3 from: Oketch AD, Zonstein S, Kioko EN, Li S (2020) Description of a new genus and three new species of the family Palpimanidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Kenya. African Invertebrates 61(2): 93-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.54004
Figure 3 Scelidocteus taitave sp. nov., male holotype A, B dorsal and ventral habitus respectively C–E palp: C prolateral D ventral E retrolateral aspects. Abbreviations: am – accompanying membrane, cl – claw like extension, co – "conductor", em – embolus, cy – cymbium rt – retrolateral thorns, sco scopula. Scale bars: 1mm (A, B), 0.2mm (C–E).
Figure 5 from: Oketch AD, Zonstein S, Kioko EN, Li S (2020) Description of a new genus and three new species of the family Palpimanidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Kenya. African Invertebrates 61(2): 93-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.54004
Figure 5 Hybosida machondogo sp. nov. male holotype A–C habitus: A dorsal B ventral and C prolateral aspects) D–F palp: D prolateral E ventral F retrolateral. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C), 0.2 mm (D–F). Abbreviations: cy – cymbium, ds – dorsal portion of scutum, em – embolus, pa – patella, Ta – tegula apophysis.
Figure 6 from: Oketch AD, Zonstein S, Kioko EN, Li S (2020) Description of a new genus and three new species of the family Palpimanidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Kenya. African Invertebrates 61(2): 93-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.54004
Figure 6 Hybosida machondogo sp. nov., subadult male, habitus A dorsal view B ventral C male holotype, ocular area, anterodorsal D thoracic fovea, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–D).
Growth, metabolism, anatomy, behaviour, invertebrate drift
<ol> <li>Adaptive trade-offs are fundamental mechanisms underlying phenotypic diversity, but the presence of generalizable patterns in multivariate adaptation and their mapping onto environmental gradients remain unclear.</li> <li>To understand how life-history affects multivariate trait associations, we examined relationships among growth, metabolism, anatomy and behaviour in rainbow trout juveniles from piscivore <i>vs</i>. insectivore ecotypes along an experimental gradient of food availability. We hypothesized that <i>i</i>) selection for larger size in piscivorous adults would select for higher juvenile growth at the cost of lower active metabolism; <i>ii</i>) elevated growth of piscivores would be supported by a greater productivity of their natal stream and more proactive foraging behaviours; and <i>iii</i>) general patterns of multivariate trait associations would match the predictions of the Pace-Of-Life Syndrome.</li> <li>Relative to insectivores, piscivorous fry showed a pattern of higher growth (+63%), maximum food intake (+33%), growth efficiency (+41%), and standard metabolic rate (SMR; +47%), but lower active metabolic capacity (maximum metabolic rate (MMR; -17%), aerobic scope (AS; -48%)), suggesting that faster piscivore growth is supported by greater food intake and digestive capacity but is traded-off against lower scope for active metabolism. A similar trade-off appeared among organ systems, with piscivorous fry exhibiting an 83% greater investment in average mass of organs associated with food consumption and processing (<i>i.e.</i> stomach and intestine), but an apparently smaller relative investment in organs involved in cardio-vascular or cognitive activities (heart and brain, respectively). Higher invertebrate drift in their natal rearing habitat, quicker behavioural transition to a novel food source and lower anxiety after a frightening event in piscivorous fry suggest that faster growth requires both proactive foraging behaviours and higher prey availability in the environment. Finally, the sampling of replicate insectivore populations confirmed their lower juvenile growth (-73% on average) and reduced environmental productivity of their natal streams (-45% lower drift abundance) relative to the piscivore ecotype.</li> <li>Our results suggest that selection for large adult body size influences selection on high juvenile growth, high basal metabolism and proactive behaviours, and that the intense phenotypic divergence between piscivorous and insectivorous rainbow trout may be constrained by environmental productivity.</li> </ol>
Data from: Artificial agri-environment scheme ponds do not replicate natural environments despite higher aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate richness and abundance
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">1. Farmland ponds are a highly threatened freshwater habitat which has undergone dramatic losses during the last 200 years due to land drainage schemes and agricultural intensification. Agri-environment schemes (AES) incentivise farmers to adopt farming methods to benefit biodiversity, yet there are a paucity of data evaluating the success of artificially created AES ponds as analogues of natural ponds in an attempt to recreate lost environments.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">2. We examined variation in environmental parameters and aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate communities between 38 natural ponds and 91 artificial ponds that were created in south-west Ireland (<i>n</i>=129).</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">3. Artificial ponds in agricultural grassland did not replicate natural ponds in adjacent semi-natural habitats differing significantly in size, pH, conductivity, productivity (indicated by submerged and emergent plant cover including algae) and surrounding vegetation structure i.e. sward height. These differences significantly influenced aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate community structure with a suite of indicator taxa in both natural and artificial ponds.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">4. The conservation value of artificial ponds in agricultural grasslands should not be underestimated as they had 43% higher aquatic species richness and 33% higher aquatic species abundance than natural ponds in adjacent semi-natural habitats.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>5. Synthesis and applications</i>. We demonstrate that artificial agri-environment scheme ponds created in agricultural grasslands, whilst not direct analogues of natural ponds in adjacent semi-natural habitats, do fulfil a role in preserving high local biodiversity albeit representing a different community of species. Creation of ponds in farmland as well as in adjacent natural habitats could provide a wider range of environmental conditions and richer associated macroinvertebrate communities, increasing landscape connectivity and further enhancing regional biodiversity.</p>
Figure 6. A in Temporal dynamics of invertebrate and aquatic plant communities at three intermittent ponds in livestock grazed Patagonian wetlands
Figure 6. A schematic cross-section of the study wetland (Mallín Crespo) contrasting the condition of the three studied ponds (P1, P2 and P3) during hydrological phases: isolation and connected periods. Distances between ponds, the weather station and sheep are not to scale. Volume (m3) is indicated below each pond. Environment variables are: water temperature (WT), precipitation (PP), pH, specific conductivity (C), dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). Invertebrate attributes are: taxa richness (R) density (D), biomass (B) and dominant functional feeding groups (FFG). Dominant taxa in terms of density and frequency are listed over each pond. Bold letters are used for taxa that are also dominants in biomass. For both periods first and second dominant FFG are represented. P, predators; CG, collector–gatherers; and CF, collector–filterers.
Figure 4 in Temporal dynamics of invertebrate and aquatic plant communities at three intermittent ponds in livestock grazed Patagonian wetlands
Figure 4. Seasonal patterns of functional feeding groups (FFG), (A) by density (103 individuals m−3) and (B) by biomass [g DM m−3] at three ponds (May 2008 to April 2009) of Mallín Crespo wetland (Argentina). Sh, shredders; Sc, scrapers; P, predators; CG, collector–gatherers; CF, collector–filterers; P–H, piercers herbivores.
Figure 2 in Temporal dynamics of invertebrate and aquatic plant communities at three intermittent ponds in livestock grazed Patagonian wetlands
Figure 2. Seasonal variation of particulate organic matter (POM, dashed lines) and aquatic plant coverage (solid line) at three ponds on a Patagonian steppe wetland (Argentina) during the study period (May 2008 to April 2009). Categories of aquatic plant coverage explained in methodology. Livestock stocking period is indicated in the figure (black bar).
Figure 1 in Temporal dynamics of invertebrate and aquatic plant communities at three intermittent ponds in livestock grazed Patagonian wetlands
Figure 1. (A) Location of the sampling sites (P1, P2 and P3) at Mallín Crespo (Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina) during connected (June–December) and hydrologically isolated (January–May) periods. The three ponds are in the same scale. (B) Daily rain (dashed line) and mean daily air temperature (solid line), from May 2008 to April 2009. (C–E) Physicochemical variables sampled monthly and once per pond. Dashed line (D), indicates unavailable data.
Figure 5 in Patterns of spatial variability of mobile macro-invertebrate assemblages within a Posidonia oceanica meadow
Figure 5. Percentage pseudo-variance components of mobile macro-invertebrate assemblages of Posidonia oceanica meadow at (a) shallow, (b) intermediate and (c) deep stands.
Figure 1 in Identification of New World aquatic invertebrate illustrations in The Drake Manuscript
Figure 1. (Continued) (B) Lindapecten muscosus (Wood, 1828) rough scallop, © Guido and Philippe Poppe. Reproduced by permission of Guido and Philippe Poppe www.conchology. be); (C) Pinctada imbricate Röding, 1798 Atlantic pearl-oyster, © Guido and Philippe Poppe. Reproduced by permission of Guido and Philippe Poppe (www.conchology.be); (D) Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) eastern oyster, © Reuben Goforth. Reproduced by permission of Reuben Goforth; (E) Solena obliqua (Spengler, 1794) oblique jackknife, © Association Française de Conchyliologie. Reproduced by permission of Association Française de Conchyliologie (www.xenophora.org); (F) unknown unionid clam with image of Lampsilis reeveiana for comparison, © Chris Barnhart. Reproduced by permission of Chris Barnhart ChrisBarnhart@MissouriState.edu); (G) Atrina rigida (Lightfoot, 1786) stiff pen shell, © Jon Fajans. Reproduced by permission of Jon Fajans, Online Resource Guide for Florida Shellfish Aquaculture (http://shellfish.ifas.ufl.edu). Permission to reuse the images must be obtained from the rightsholder.
Figure 1 in Identification of New World aquatic invertebrate illustrations in The Drake Manuscript
Figure 1. Illustrations of molluscs in The Drake Manuscript (left), © The Morgan Library & Museum, New York. Corresponding contemporary images of the species (right) proposed to be the subjects of the anonymous artist's illustrations. Mollusc species include (A) Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) lions-paw scallop, © Caledonian Seashells. Reproduced by permission of Caledonian Seashells (www.caledonianseashells. com).
Figure 4 in Identification of New World aquatic invertebrate illustrations in The Drake Manuscript
Figure 4. Illustrations of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) and land crab (Cardisoma guanhumi) taken from: (A) painting ca. 1585 by John White entitled 'Indians Fishing' showing horseshoe crab in the lower right, © Trustees of the British Museum. Reproduced by permission of The British Museum; (B) engraving of Theodore De Bry of 1590 after White showing horseshoe crab and land crab, reproduced by permission of The Huntington Library, San Marino, California; (C) land crab in a painting by John White, © Trustees of the British Museum. Reproduced by permission of The British Museum; (D) engraving of horseshoe crab in a 1613 map of New France drawn by David Pelletier from sketches of Samuel de Champlain labelled siguenoc © V. Dickinson. Reproduced by permission of V. Dickinson. Permission to reuse images be obtained from the rightsholder.
Figure 1 from: Salvador RB, Ablett JD (2020) Type specimens of Streptaxidae from Henry C. Burnup in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. African Invertebrates 61(2): 107-117. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.58085
Figure 1 Burnup's type specimens in the NMNZ collection. All figures to scale (bar = 1 mm), except for Fig. 1G, not to scale (bar = 0.5 mm) A paratype of Ennea farquhari var. avena Burnup, 1914, NMZN M.207153 B paratype of Ennea farquhari var. avena Burnup, 1914, NMZN M.207154 C paratype of Ennea maritzburgensis var. contracta Burnup, 1914, NMNZ M.207175 D paratype of Ennea darglensis var. illovoensis Burnup, 1914, NMNZ M.207156 E paratype of Ennea inhluzaniensis Burnup, 1914, NMNZ M.207160 F specimen of Gulella elliptica manca (Burnup, 1914), NMNZ M.207151 G paratype of Ennea melvilli Burnup, 1914, NMNZ M.207157 H paratype of Ennea mooiensis Burnup, 1914, NMNZ M.207158 I paratype of Ennea ponsonbyi Burnup, 1914, NMNZ M.207159 J paratype of Ennea isipingoensis var. sturanyi Burnup, 1914, NMNZ M.207149.
Data from: Urbanization-driven climate change increases invertebrate lipid demand, relative to protein—a response to dehydration
<p>1. Climatic change alters not only animal energy balance, but also water balance, but this latter topic has received less attention. Water can be obtained through consumption of moist food and metabolism of dry food. The breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can produce metabolic water. Metabolism of lipids produces large amounts of water, whereas excretion of nitrogenous waste related to protein metabolism requires water losses.</p> <p>2. Here we tested the hypothesis that climatic shifts associated with urbanization influences animal lipid demand relative to protein, due to shifts in water balance.</p> <p>3. We placed artificial diets high in lipid or protein, and either with or without supplemented water, at 16 pairs of sites along an urbanization gradient in Toledo, OH, USA.</p> <p>4. Lipid consumption, relative to protein, increased with urbanization and mean temperature, but water supplementation reduced the magnitude of this association. Ants were ~50% of the observed consumers.</p> <p>5. These results suggest that shifts in nutritional demand with climatic change are partially predictable from physiological first principles related to water balance and nutrient metabolism. Because ants and other arthropods play key roles in many food webs and ecosystems, increased demand for lipids with urbanization or climate change could have major consequences for ecosystem services (e.g. urban waste removal, seed predation). Overall, our results suggest that warming related to urbanization increases animal demand for lipids, in part to maintain water balance, and this could have important implications for both animal health and ecosystem services.</p>
Figure 5 from: Kaltenbach T, Gattolliat J-L (2020) Pedicelliops gen. nov., a new genus from West Africa with striking antennae (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae). African Invertebrates 61(2): 119-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.59354
Figure 5 Pedicelliops capillifer gen. et sp. nov., larva morphology a foreleg (anterior view) b fore claw c fore femur and trochanter (posterior view) d apex of middle and hind femur e middle tibia and tarsus f hind tibia and tarsus. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Figure 6 from: Kaltenbach T, Gattolliat J-L (2020) Pedicelliops gen. nov., a new genus from West Africa with striking antennae (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae). African Invertebrates 61(2): 119-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.59354
Figure 6 Pedicelliops capillifer gen. et sp. nov., larva morphology: a foreleg b middle leg c hind leg. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 4 from: Kaltenbach T, Gattolliat J-L (2020) Pedicelliops gen. nov., a new genus from West Africa with striking antennae (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae). African Invertebrates 61(2): 119-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.59354
Figure 4 Pedicelliops capillifer gen. et sp. nov., larva morphology a labrum b right mandible c right prostheca d left mandible e left prostheca f seta on left mandible g hypopharynx and superlinguae h maxilla i labium (left: ventral view, right: dorsal view) j paraglossa (ventral view). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Figure 3 from: Kaltenbach T, Gattolliat J-L (2020) Pedicelliops gen. nov., a new genus from West Africa with striking antennae (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae). African Invertebrates 61(2): 119-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.59354
Figure 3 Pedicelliops capillifer gen. et sp. nov., larva morphology a antenna b scale of pedicellus c gill I d margin of gill I e paraproct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 2 from: Kaltenbach T, Gattolliat J-L (2020) Pedicelliops gen. nov., a new genus from West Africa with striking antennae (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae). African Invertebrates 61(2): 119-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.59354
Figure 2 Pedicelliops capillifer gen. et sp. nov., larva morphology a head and thorax, lateral view b protuberance on fore protopteron c head, lateral view d head, ventral view (arrow: carina). Scale bars: 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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