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Data from: Great spotted cuckoo nestlings have no antipredatory effect on magpie or carrion crow host nests in southern Spain
Host defences against cuckoo parasitism and cuckoo trickeries to overcome them are a classic example of antagonistic coevolution. Recently it has been reported that this relationship may turn to be mutualistic in the case of the carrion crow (Corvus corone) and its brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius), given that experimentally and naturally parasitized nests were depredated at a lower rate than non-parasitized nests. This result was interpreted as a consequence of the antipredatory properties of a fetid cloacal secretion produced by cuckoo nestlings, which presumably deters predators from parasitized host nests. This potential defensive mechanism would therefore explain the detected higher fledgling success of parasitized nests during breeding seasons with high predation risk. Here, in a different study population, we explored the expected benefits in terms of reduced nest predation in naturally and experimentally parasitized nests of two different host species, carrion crows and magpies (Pica pica). During the incubation phase non-parasitized nests were depredated more frequently than parasitized nests. However, during the nestling phase, parasitized nests were not depredated at a lower rate than non-parasitized nests, neither in magpie nor in carrion crow nests, and experimental translocation of great spotted cuckoo hatchlings did not reveal causal effects between parasitism state and predation rate of host nests. Therefore, our results do not fit expectations and, thus, do not support the fascinating possibility that great spotted cuckoo nestlings could have an antipredatory effect for host nestlings, at least in our study area. We also discuss different possibilities that may conciliate these with previous results, but also several alternative explanations, including the lack of generalizability of the previously documented mutualistic association.
FIGURE 1 in The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) in China mixed in their Wolbachia phylogenetic tree
FIGURE 1. The phylogenetic tree of the wsp gene sequences of Wolbachia in 18 geographical populations of T. cinnabarinus, 13 geographical populations of T. urticae in China and T. urticae (red and green forms) from other countries. The wsp gene sequences of three insects (Drosophila simulans, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiensis) were used as out groups.
FIGURE 10 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 10. Sticta tunjensis (holotype collection). A. Upper side of thallus. B. Lower side of thallus. C. Lower surface enlarged. D. Detail of lower surface. E–G. Detail of marginal isidia from upper and lower side. G. Young lobe tip showing cilia. H. Microscopic section through cyphella showing basal membrane with papillose cells. Scale in A–D = 5 mm, in E and F = 1 mm, in G = 0.5 mm, in H = 10 µm.
FIGURE 9 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 9. Sticta silverstonii (holotype collection). A. Thallus in herbarium showing surface structure. B. Lower surface showing large, contiguous cyphellae. C. Upper surface with apothecia. D. Microscopic section through cyphella showing basal membrane with papillose cells. E. Microscopic section of lower surface showing primary and secondary tomentum. Scale in A and B = 10 mm, in C = 0.5 mm, in D = 5 µm, in E = 20 µm.
FIGURE 8 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 8. Sticta rubropruinosa (holotype collection). A. Upper side of thallus. B. Lower side of thallus. C. Upper surface enlarged. D. Detail of upper surface showing red patches. E–G. Detail of lower tomentum and cyphellae towards thallus center and towards lobe apices. G. Cyphella enlarged showing margin with red spots and K+ emerald-green reaction. H. Microscopic section through thallus and cyphella, showing red pruina on upper surface. Scale in A and B = 10 mm, in C–F = 1 mm, in G = 0.5 mm, in H = 50 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 7. Sticta rhizinata (holotype collection). A. Thallus in situ. B. Lower surface of thallus in situ showing rhizines. C. Thallus in herbarium. D. Lower surface enlarged showing rhizines. E. Marginal isidia. F–G. Detail of marginal isidia. H. Microscopic section through thallus showing lower cortex and moniliform tomentum. Scale in A–D = 5 mm, in E–G = 0.5 mm, in H = 20 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 5. Sticta microcyphellata (holotype collection). A. Upper side of thallus. B. Lower side of thallus. C. Lower surface. D. Lower surface enlarged. E. Detail of lower tomentum and cyphellae. F. Apothecium. G. Microscopic section through thallus and cyphella. H. Microscopic section through thallus enlarged, showing lower tomentum. Scale in A–C = 10 mm, in D = 5 mm, in E and F = 1 mm, in G = 10 µm, in H = 50 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 6. Sticta papillata (A, Lücking 33370; B–E, holotype collection). A. Thallus in situ. B. Lower surface. C. Lower surface enlarged showing marginal cilia. D. Microscopic section through cyphella showing basal membrane with papillose cells. E. Microscopic section of differentiated upper cortex. Scale in A and B = 10 mm, in C = 5 mm, in D = 10 µm, in E = 30 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 4. Sticta maculofuliginosa (holotype collection). A. Thallus in situ. B. Thallus in herbarium. C. Lower surface. D. Lower surface enlarged. E. Maculate surface with laminal isidia. F. Laminal isidia enlarged. G. Microscopic section through thallus and cyphella. H. Microscopic section through thallus and isidium. Scale in A–D = 5 mm, in E and F = 1 mm, in G and H = 50 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 3. Sticta isidiokunthii (A and C–H, holotype collection; B, Lücking 33346). A–B. Thallus in situ. C. Upper and lower surface in the herbarium. D. Apothecia. E. Lower surface enlarged. F. Isidia enlarged. G. Detail of isidia. H. Microscopic section through thallus showing cyphella. Scale in A and B = 10 mm, in C–G = 5 mm, in H = 100 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 1. Sticta arachnofuliginosa (holotype collection). A. Upper lobe surface. B. Upper lobe surface enlarged. C. Lower surface enlarged. D. Isidia enlarged. E. Microscopic section of upper cortex and tomentum. Scale in A = 5 mm, in B = 0.7 mm, in C = 10 mm, in D = 1 mm, in E = 50 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus
FIGURE 2. Sticta arbuscula (holotype collection). A. Thallus. B. Lower surface. C. Upper surface enlarged. D. Lower surface enlarged. E. Laminal isidia enlarged. F. Marginal isidia enlarged. G. Microscopic section through cyphella. H. Microscopic section through cyphella enlarged, showing basal membrane with papillose cells. Scale in A and B = 10 mm, in C and D = 5 mm, in E = 1 mm, in F = 0.5 mm, in G = 50 µm, in H = 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Pestalotiopsis from leaf spots of Licuala grandis from Hainan, China
FIGURE 2. Pestalotiopsis licualacola (holotype). a. Herbarium material, leaves of Licuala grandis. b. Conidiomata. c–f. Conidia with concolorous median cells. g–h. Conidiophores/conidiogenous cells. i–j. Colony on PDA, i. from above, j. from below. Scale bars: c–h = 20 µm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Pestalotiopsis from leaf spots of Licuala grandis from Hainan, China
FIGURE 1. Topology showing the most parsimonious tree, inferred from combined ITS, β -tubulin and tef1 gene regions. Bootstrap values smaller than 50% are not shown. The tree was rooted with Seiridium sp. (SD096).
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships between T. cinnabarinus and T. urticae inferred from ITS2 in Genetic Relationship between the Carmine Spider Mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and the Two-spotted Mite T. urticae Koch in China Based on the mtDNA COI and rDNA ITS2 Sequences
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships between T. cinnabarinus and T. urticae inferred from ITS2 data of Neighbor- Joining methods. Phylogenetic tree was established by MEGA based on Kimura-2-parameter distance. Numbers on branches indicate the percentage of 100 bootstraps supporting the branching pattern shown. Two sequences of T. evansi and T. pacificus were used as outgroups.
FIGURE 1 in Genetic Relationship between the Carmine Spider Mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and the Two-spotted Mite T. urticae Koch in China Based on the mtDNA COI and rDNA ITS2 Sequences
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree inferred from COI sequences of various samples of T. urticae and T. cinnabarinus. The Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method was used based on distances calculated using Kimura-2-parameter correction method. Numbers on branches indicate the percentage of 100 bootstraps supporting the branching pattern shown. The species Petrobia harti and Bryobia kissophila were used as outgroups. Mite colouration for each sample is indicated in brackets: (R) means red form of T. urticae; (G) means green form of T. urticae.
FIGURE 6. Pseudocercospora pteridophytophila. a. Host with leaf spots. b in Mycosphaerellaceous fungi and new species of Venustosynnema and Zasmidium on ferns and fern allies in Taiwan
FIGURE 6. Pseudocercospora pteridophytophila. a. Host with leaf spots. b. Single leaf spot with epiphyllous fascicles of conidiophores. c. Hypophyllous fascicle of conidiophores arising through a stoma (R. Kirschner 3756). d. Transversal leaf section showing internal hyphae and an epiphyllous fascicle of conidiophores arising from an intraepidermal stroma (R. Kirschner 3602). e. Conidiophores (R. Kirschner 3756). f. Conidia (R. Kirschner 3602). Scale bars: c, e = 10 µm, d, f = 20 µm.
FIGURE 4. Pseudocercospora mazandaranensis. a. Leaf spots. b in Multi-gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran
FIGURE 4. Pseudocercospora mazandaranensis. a. Leaf spots. b. Close-up of leaf spot with fruiting. c–d. Fasciculate conidiophores. e. Branched conidiophores. f–i. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.
FIGURE 7. Pseudocercospora sophoricola. a. Leaf spots. b. Globular stromata. c–e in Multi-gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran
FIGURE 7. Pseudocercospora sophoricola. a. Leaf spots. b. Globular stromata. c–e. Fasciculate conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. f–l. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.
FIGURE 6. Pseudocercospora punicae. a, b. Leaf spots. c. Fruit spot. d–f. Fasciculate conidiophores. g–i in Multi-gene analysis of Pseudocercospora spp. from Iran
FIGURE 6. Pseudocercospora punicae. a, b. Leaf spots. c. Fruit spot. d–f. Fasciculate conidiophores. g–i. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.