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Data for: Reflections of Grinnellian and Eltonian niches on the distribution of phyllostomid bats in Atlantic Forest of South America
<p>Abstract</p> <p><b>Aim: </b>Ecological niches are complex and the product of interactions with biotic and abiotic environments across the entire geographic range of species. One recent distinction is between Grinnellian niche characteristics that reflect influences at large spatial scales such as climate and Eltonian niche characteristics that reflect influences at the local level such as distribution of resources and how they are shared among species. Aims of this research were to estimate Grinnellian and Eltonian niche characteristics of phyllostomid bats distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest, examine degree of phylogenetic non-independence of distribution and niche characteristics, and estimate relative contribution of niche characteristics to distribution of bats across this large Neotropical region.\</p> <p><b>Location: </b>The Atlantic Forest</p> <p>T<b>axon:</b> Phyllostomid bats</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Canonical correlation analysis was used to characterize association between Grinnellian and Eltonian niche characteristics. Phylogenetic non-independence was estimated with phylogenetic eigenvector regression. Variation partitioning was used to distinguish relative contributions of different niche characteristics to distribution of bats.</p> <p><b>Results: </b> Grinnellian and Eltonian niche characteristics were strongly and significantly associated. Phylogenetic signal was weak for Grinnellian and strong for Eltonian niche characteristics. Both suites accounted for significant unique variation in distribution of phyllostomid bats in the Atlantic Forest. Grinnellian niche characteristics accounted for more than five times the variation in distribution than Eltonian characteristics.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions: </b> Distinct Grinnellian and Eltonian perspectives on the niche provide valuable insights into the distribution of species. The degree to which these two different set of characteristics account for distribution is likely scale dependent with Grinnellian characteristics more important at geographic spatial scales and Eltonian characteristics more important at local spatial scales. Grinnellian and Eltonian niches are important corollaries of α- and β- niches and their associated traits and similarities and differences in the two distinct concepts should be better explored across different taxa and geographic domains.</p>
FIGURES 9–14 in New Species of Entypus (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) and notes on the natural history of some Atlantic Forest spider wasps
FIGURES 9–14. Behavioral observations of spider wasp species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. 9–10. Ageniella erythroptera transporting a wolf spider (Trochosa sp.) on a leaf of grass 11. Entypus bituberculatus with the paralyzed host Ctenus ornatus. 12. Ctenus ornatus paralyzed after being stung be E. bituberculatus 13. Poecilopompilus sp. nest entrance 13. Crab spider (Misumenops sp.) removed from the Poecilopompilus sp. nest.
FIGURES 3–8 in New Species of Entypus (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) and notes on the natural history of some Atlantic Forest spider wasps
FIGURES 3–8. Holotype of Entypus renata sp. nov., Santos and Lopez 3. Lateral habitus 4. Head in frontal view 5. Mesosternal process (indicated by arrows) 6. Propodeum and metapleuron in oblique view 7. Distal inner margin of the procoxa (PC) emarginated (indicated by the arrow) 8. Tubercles (indicated by arrows) on the second metasomal sternite; S1= first metasomal sternite; S3= third metasomal sternite.
FIGURE 2. Bayesian Inference phylogenetic tree including species from Brachycephalus didactylus and B in New species of flea-toad, genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Bayesian Inference phylogenetic tree including species from Brachycephalus didactylus and B. ephippium groups occurring northward the state of São Paulo, based on 12S + 16S (1,152 bp, 42 terminals) genes, under GTR+G model of nucleotide substitution. We highlight the three phenotypic groups. Tip labels of Brachycephalus puri sp. nov. are in bold. Numbers close to nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP). Values below 0.7 not shown.
FIGURE 3 in New species of flea-toad, genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the Brachycephalus puri sp. nov., holotype (adult male, MZUSP 135709; SVL 9.2 mm). Scale = 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in New species of flea-toad, genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Map of Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PARNA Caparaó). We highlight (A) the state of Espírito Santo in southeastern Brazil, and (B) the location of PARNA Caparaó at the border of Espírito Santo (ES) and Minas Gerais (MG) states. In PARNA Caparaó (C, bordered) we highlight the type locality, Córrego do Calçado (star), and other sites sampled during surveys: (1) Alto Caparaó headquarters, (2) trail Pico das Bandeiras, (3) Vale Verde, (4) Pedra Roxa, (5) São Jorge's cave, (6) Patrimônio do Sapo, (7) Pedra Escorada, (8) Patrimônio da Penha, (9) Córrego do Veado, (10) Morro das Torres, (11) Córrego Frio, and (12) Dores do Rio Preto.
Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department). in Atelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department).
Distribution. Historically ranged through the Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, excluding only lowland forests in the extreme S of Bahia and N Espirito Santo, the N limit of the distribution was probably the Rio Jequirica or the right bank of the Rio Paraguacu, and the S limit is still poorly defined but is probably the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Minas Gerais, near the state boundaries with Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo where it meets the distribution of the Southern Muriqui (B. arachnoides). in Atelidae
Distribution. Historically ranged through the Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, excluding only lowland forests in the extreme S of Bahia and N Espirito Santo, the N limit of the distribution was probably the Rio Jequirica or the right bank of the Rio Paraguacu, and the S limit is still poorly defined but is probably the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Minas Gerais, near the state boundaries with Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo where it meets the distribution of the Southern Muriqui (B. arachnoides).
Distribution. NE Brazil (states of Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, N Bahia & possibly NE Tocantins), originally extending S as far as the Rio Sao Francisco and its W bank tributary the Rio Grande (c.11° 30" S), in the NW in Maranhao and Piaui extending to the left bank of the Rio Parnaiba, probably as far as the interfluvium of the rios Itapecurt and Mearim. Introduced in numerous other regions S of the Rio Sao Francisco, Sergipe State, the N & NE of Bahia, and the more humid Atlantic Forest on the coast of the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina in SE Brazil. in Callitrichiade
Distribution. NE Brazil (states of Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, N Bahia & possibly NE Tocantins), originally extending S as far as the Rio Sao Francisco and its W bank tributary the Rio Grande (c.11° 30" S), in the NW in Maranhao and Piaui extending to the left bank of the Rio Parnaiba, probably as far as the interfluvium of the rios Itapecurt and Mearim. Introduced in numerous other regions S of the Rio Sao Francisco, Sergipe State, the N & NE of Bahia, and the more humid Atlantic Forest on the coast of the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina in SE Brazil.
Distribution. SC Brazil in the states of Maranhao, Tocantins (E of the Rio Araguaia), SW tip of Piaui, Bahia (S of the rios Grande and Sao Francisco), Goias, Minas Gerais, N of Sao Paulo (N of the rios Tieté and Piracicaba), and NE Mato Grosso do Sul (E of the Serra de Maracaju to the level of the rios Pardo or Taquaracu, and right bank tributaries of the Rio Parana). Along with the Common Marmoset (C. jacchus), it has been introduced to the more humid Atlantic Forest on the coast of the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina. in Callitrichiade
Distribution. SC Brazil in the states of Maranhao, Tocantins (E of the Rio Araguaia), SW tip of Piaui, Bahia (S of the rios Grande and Sao Francisco), Goias, Minas Gerais, N of Sao Paulo (N of the rios Tieté and Piracicaba), and NE Mato Grosso do Sul (E of the Serra de Maracaju to the level of the rios Pardo or Taquaracu, and right bank tributaries of the Rio Parana). Along with the Common Marmoset (C. jacchus), it has been introduced to the more humid Atlantic Forest on the coast of the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina.
Figure 5 in Ecological aspects of the endemic tree frog Ololygon kautskyi (Anura: Hylidae) in an Atlantic Forest area of Southeastern Brazil
Figure 5. Use of microhabitats by Ololygon kautskyi in the Reserva Biológica Duas Bocas, Espírito Santo, Brazil. V = over vegetation, TT = tree trunk, S = sand, TR = tree root, R = over rock.
Figure 4 in Ecological aspects of the endemic tree frog Ololygon kautskyi (Anura: Hylidae) in an Atlantic Forest area of Southeastern Brazil
Figure 4. Relationship between detectability of Ololygon kautskyi and (a) air temperature (ºC) and (b) relative humidity (%) in Reserva Biológica Duas Bocas, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, from February 2018 to March 2019.
Figure 3 in Ecological aspects of the endemic tree frog Ololygon kautskyi (Anura: Hylidae) in an Atlantic Forest area of Southeastern Brazil
Figure 3. Ololygon kautskyi activity period at Reserva Biológica Duas Bocas, Espírito Santo, Brazil: (a) Number of individuals recorded between 08:00 hours and 23:00 hours in transects. (b) O. kautskyi detectability during day and night.
Figure 2 in Ecological aspects of the endemic tree frog Ololygon kautskyi (Anura: Hylidae) in an Atlantic Forest area of Southeastern Brazil
Figure 2. Differences in body size (a) and mass (b) between males and females of Ololygon kautskyi in the Reserva Biológica Duas Bocas, municipality of Cariacica, Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil. F = females, M = males.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the mountainous region of Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil, with a new phylogeny and diagnose for Ischnocnema parva series
FIGURE 7. Ischnocnema crassa sp. nov. displaying antipredator mechanisms: (A) body inflation; (B) body elevation; (C) hiding and; (D) death feigning and body inflation with hidden aposematism.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the mountainous region of Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil, with a new phylogeny and diagnose for Ischnocnema parva series
FIGURE 8. Bayesian inference topology of 16s gene with posterior probability values. Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probability support, other nodes with red circles has>95%. Terminals with locality specification are species prior for understand the description of I. crassa sp. nov. (★).
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the mountainous region of Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil, with a new phylogeny and diagnose for Ischnocnema parva series
FIGURE 6. Distribution of Ischnocnema crassa (stars): holotype (yellow star) and paratypes (unfilled stars). Closely related species: Ischnocnema pusilla (circle), I. parva (cross), and I. nanahallux (triangle).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the mountainous region of Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil, with a new phylogeny and diagnose for Ischnocnema parva series
FIGURE 4. Ischnocnema crassa sp. nov., color and dorsolateral patterns in life of type series: (A) holotype adult male MNRJ 93647, and paratypes (B) adult male MNRJ 93650; (C) subadult female MNRJ 93649; (D) adult female MNRJ 93651; (E) adult male MNRJ 93652; and (F) couple in amplex MNRJ 93651-52.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the mountainous region of Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil, with a new phylogeny and diagnose for Ischnocnema parva series
FIGURE 2. Ischnocnema crassa sp. nov.: (A) holotype MNRJ 93647 and (B) paratype MNRJ 93650 evidencing webbing between Fingers I, II, and III.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the mountainous region of Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil, with a new phylogeny and diagnose for Ischnocnema parva series
FIGURE 1. Ischnocnema crassa sp. nov., holotype, adult male (MNRJ 93647; SVL 18.6 mm): dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views.
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