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FIG. 76 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 76. — Right humerus of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372). The position of the greater tubercle is artificially higher than the head because of distorsion of the proximal epiphysis of the specimen (see figure 78): A, anterior view; B, lateral view; C, posterior view; D, medial view; E, proximal view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: bg, bicipital groove; ca, capitulum; ctl, crest for insertion of the teres major and latissimus dorsi; def, dorsoepitrochelar fossa; dt, deltoid tuberosity; dpc, deltopectoral crest; ec, epicondylar crest; ef, entepicondylar foramen; ftcl, fossa for the caput longum of the triceps brachii; fis, fossa for insertion of the infraspinatus; gt, greater tubercle; h, head; ht, humeral trochlea; le, lateral epicondyle; lt, lesser tubercle; me medial epicondyle; of, olecranon fossa; rf, radial fossa; secu?, sulcus for the extensor carpi ulnaris (possibly); trl, tricipital line. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 82 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 82. — Right (A-F) and left (G) radius of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, stereophotographs of anterior view; B, stereophotographs of lateral view; C, stereophotographs of posterior view; D, stereophotographs of medial view; E, stereophotographs of proximal view; F, stereophotographs of distal view; G, stereophotographs of proximal view. Scale bars: A-D, 1 cm; E-G, 5 mm.
FIG. 91 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 91. — Right innominate of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, stereophotographs of lateral view; B, stereophotographs of dorsal view; C, stereophotographs of medial view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 103 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 103. — Left astragalus of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8459): A, dorsal view; B, plantar view. Abbreviations: cuf, cuboid facet; ef, ectal facet; gatl, groove for the astragalotibial ligament; naf, navicular facet; sacf, supplementary astragolocalcaneal facet; sf, sustentacular facet. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 87 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 87. — Proximal view of right metacarpals (Mc II to Mc V) of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372). McI is not illustrated because the proximal epiphysis is missing on both metacarpals of MHNC 8372. Abbreviations: dor, dorsal; fMcII, facet for the McII; fMcIV, facet for the McIV; fmg, facet for the magnum; ftd, facet for the trapezoid; fun, facet for the unciform; lat, lateral; med, medial; pal, palmar. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 60 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 60. — Mandible of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399): A, lateral view; B, stereophotographs of dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 61 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 61. — Atlas of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, anterior view; B, posterior view;C, dorsal view. Abbreviations:af, arterial foramen; atlf, atlantal foramen; da, dorsal arch; dt, dorsal tubercle; exof, exoccipital articular facet; tp, transverse process; va, ventral arch. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 59 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 59 (continuation). — Mandible of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): D, drawing of lateral view with captions; E, digital rendering of the medial view of the left mandible (reversed). Abbreviations: agp, angular process; cc, coronoid crest; cdp, condyloid process; cm, corpus mandibularis; cop, coronoid process; cpm, crest for the pterygoideus medialis?; maf, masseteric fossa; mdf, mandibular foramen; mf, mandibular foramina; mn, mandibular notch; rm, ramus mandibularis; vtcc, ventral tubercle of the coronoid crest.
FIG. 59 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 59. — Mandible of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, left lateral view; B, right lateral view; C, stereophotographs of dorsal view. Scale bar: A-C, 1 cm.
FIG. 56 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 56. — Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663): A, digital rendering of part of the endocranial cavity (it has not been possible to reconstruct the whole cavity because of the presence of iron oxide mineralisation in the central and posterior parts of the braincase). This left dorsolateral view clearly shows the small neocortical cap and the wide rhinal fissure; B, CT-slice through the skull of AMNH 16663 showing the neocortex and the rhinal fissure. The number of the illustrated slice refers to the position of the slice within the sequence of 1892 images (resolution binned images, voxel size=0.076 mm). Abbreviations: cf, circular fissure; necx, neocortex; ob, olfactory bulbs; rhf, rhinal fissure. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 57 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 57. — Digital rendering of the endocranial cavity of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) in ventral view with schematic interpretation. Abbreviations: cf, circular fissure; dos, dorsum sellae; hf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, internal acoustic meatus; ob, olfactory bulbs; optn (II), optic nerve; optch, optic chiasm; pf, parafloculus; mdb(V3), mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3); mxb(V2), maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2); opb(V1), ophtalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1). Scale bar: 5 mm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/ periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 55 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 55. — CT-slices through the skull of MHNC 8372. The numbers for each illustrated slice refer to the position of the slice within the sequence of 1812 images (resolution: on binned images, voxel size = 0.033mm). Top of the skull toward the top, right side of the skull toward the left. Sections of the zygomatic arches have been omitted. Abbreviations: rhf, ridge on the braincase wall, probably corresponding to the sulcus of the rhinal fissure on the brain. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 58 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 58. — Digital rendering of the endocranial cavity of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) with reconstruction of the venous system and hypothetical course of the anterior portion of the transverse sinus and sagittal sinus (dotted line): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: cpev, capsuloparietal emissary vein; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; otv, orbitotemporal vein; ov, occipital vein; sags, sagittal sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; ts, transverse sinus; vdm, vena diploëtica magna. Scale bar: 5 mm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/ alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 53 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 53. — Posterior view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions). Abbreviations: Eo, exoccipital; maf, mastoid foramina; mep, mastoid exposure of the petrosal; oc, occipital condyle; Pe, petrosal; pgp, postglenoid process; pttf, posttemporal foramen; So, supraoccipital; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 49 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 49. — Anteromedial view of the endocranial aspect of the left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the vestigial anterior lamina of the petrosal, which bears the fossa for the trigeminal ganglion (photograph, schematic drawing on photo, and schematic drawing with captions). Abbreviations: dos, dorsum sellae; fo, foramen ovale; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iosr, intracranial opening of the foramen for the superior ramus of the stapedial artery; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; psf, petrosquamosal fossa; pyf, pyriform fenestra; saf, subarcuate fossa; sV2, probable sulcus for the maxillary nerve (CN V2); valp, vestigial anterior lamina of the petrosal. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 47 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 47 (continuation). — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating the left side of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) with vessels reconstruction. Vessels courses reconstruction has been performed directly on the slides of the image stack obtained by CT scanning of the skull: D, medial view without transparency; E, medial view with transparency; F, vessels only in medial view. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 52. — Virtual 3D in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 52. — Virtual 3D reconstruction and outline drawing of the bony labyrinth of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399): A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, posterolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, medial view. Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; acf, aperture of the cochlear fossula; ant, anterior; asc, anterior semicircular canal; av, vestibular aqueduct; can, cochlear canaliculus; cc, common crus; cf, cochlear fossula; co, cochlear canal; dor, dorsal; fsg, foramen singulare; fv, fenestra vestibuli; la, lateral ampulla; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; med, medial; pa, posterior ampulla; pls, primary bony lamina sulcus; post, posterior; psc, posterior semicircular canal; scc, secondary common crus; sls, secondary bony lamina sulcus; svn, tractus for the passage of the superior branch of the vestibular nerve. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 47 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 47. — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating the left side of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) with vessels reconstruction. Vessels courses reconstruction has been performed directly on the slides of the image stack obtained by CT scanning of the skull: A, lateral view without transparency; B, lateral view with transparency; C, vessels only in lateral view. Abbreviations:adm, arteria diploëtica magna; cca, common carotid artery; cev, capsuloparietal emissary vein; fro, foramen rotundum; hyf, hypoglossal foramen; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jv, jugular vein; oa, occipital artery; opf, optic foramen, ota, orbitotemporal artery,otf, orbitotemporal foramen;otv orbitotemporal vein; ov, occipital vein; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; ptf, posttemporal foramen; ri, ramus inferior; rio, ramus infrorbitalis; rm, ramus mandibularis; rp, ramus posterior; rs, ramus superior; rt ramus temporalis; sf, sphenorbital fissure; sps, superior petrosal sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sta, stapedial artery; ts, transverse sinus; vdm, vena diploëtica magna. Scale bar: 1 cm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 46 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 46. — CT-slices through the skull of MHNC 8372. The numbers for each illustrated slice refer to the position of the slice within the sequence of 1812 images (resolution: on binned images, voxel size = 0.033 mm). Top of the skull toward the top, right side of the skull toward the left. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; atf, anterior temporal foramen; atc, canal for anterior temporal ramus; coc, cochlear canal; cpevs, sulcus of the capsuloparietal emissary vein; enpc, entopterygoid crests; fai, foramen acusticum inferius; frsu, foramen for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery; fs, facial sulcus; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; mtc, canal for median temporal ramus; mtf, median temporal foramen; oc, occipital condyle; ots, orbitotemporal sulcus; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pr, promontory; prtf, posterior temporal foramen; psf, petrosquamosal fossa; ptc, posttemporal canal; ptf, posttemporal foramen; saf, subarcuate fossa; satr, sulcus of anterior temporal ramus; scc, secondary common crus; sgc, sagittal crest; smdb, sulcus of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve; stf, stapedial fossa. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 44 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 44. — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating the right auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399): A, intracranial view showing the petrosquamosal fossa; B, frontal section of the skull at the level of the petrosquamosal fossa. Abbreviations: cpevs, sulcus for the capsuloparietal emissary vein; psf, petrosquamosal fossa; srs, sulcus for the superior ramus of the stapedial artery. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/ alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
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