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Fig. 10 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 10. Morphology of Potamotrygonocestus sp.2. Morphology of scolex (A); Mature proglottid (B). Abbreviations: BH = bothridia hooks; GP = genital pore; O = ovary; S = scolex; T = testes; U = uterus, and V = vitellaria.

Fig. 8 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 8. Morphology of Acanthobothrium quinonesi. Morphology of scolex by light microscopy (A) and SEM (B); Isolated bothridia hooks (C); Mature proglottid (D); Cirrus sac (E). Abbreviations: AL = anterior loculus; BH = bothridia hooks; Cs = cirrus sac; EC = everted cirrus; Lh = lateral hook; Mh = medial hook; ML = middle loculus; O = ovary; PL = posterior loculus; S = scolex; T = testes, and U = uterus.

Fig. 9 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 9. Morphology of Potamotrygonocestus sp.1. Morphology of scolex (A); Isolated bothridia hooks (B); Mature proglottid (C); Cirrus sac (D); Gravid proglottid (E). Abbreviations: EC = everted cirrus; F = furca; GP = genital pore; HB = hook base; O = ovary; S = scolex; T = testes; U = uterus, and V = vitellaria.

Fig. 6 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 6. Morphology of Rhinebothrium paratrygoni. Morphology of scolex (A); Details of bothridium (B); Terminal mature proglottid (C); Cross-copulation between mature proglottids (D), and partial strobila (E). Abbreviations: B = bothridia; Cc = Cross-copulation; O = ovary, and S = scolex.).

Fig. 1 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 1. Collection area for potamotrygonids and their parasites. (a) Highlight (red) of the upper Paran´a River system (Brazilian portion). (b) Collection sites (red triangles), S1 with three points and S2 with one point, in the upper Paran´a River, between the states of S˜ao Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 7. Morphology of Rhinebothroides glandularis. Morphology of scolex (A); partial strobila (B); Mature proglottid (C); Gravid proglottid (D). Abbreviations: B = bothridia; Gc = gland cells; O = ovary; S = scolex; T = testes, and U = uterus.

Fig. 5 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 5. Morphology of Potamotrygonocotyle tsalickisi. Whole specimen (a); haptor (b and c), and male copulatory organ (d and e). Abbreviations: A = anchor; DhAsA = anterior dorsal haptoral accessory structure; DhAsP = posterior dorsal haptoral accessory structure; H = haptor; HCL = haptor central loculi; HPL = haptor peripheral loculi; HS = haptoral septa; MCo = male copulatory organ, and MCoA = male copulatory organ aperture.

Fig. 3 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 3. Rarefaction and extrapolation of component community richness and meta-community richness of helminths species in potamotrygonids from the upper Parana´River. Sample-size-based diversity accumulation curves (with 95% confidence intervals of lower and upper limits) using hosts as unit of sampling and Hill numbers. Diversity metrics were species richness (0), Shannon Index (1) and Simpson Index (2) values.

Fig. 2 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 2. Component community richness and meta-community richness of helminths species in potamotrygonids from the upper Paran´a River. Results of diversity t-test suggest a statistically significant difference between sites (S1 <S2, t = – 40.00; p = <0.001; d = 3.76; β = 0.99) and between host (Potamotrygon amandae <Potamotrygon falkneri, t = – 29.68; p = <0.001; d = 0.52; β = 0.21). Mean and Median values are indicated by black square and horizontal black line respectively.

Fig. 4 in Diversity and ecological relationships of Cestoda and Monogenoidea parasites of freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes, Potamotrygonidae), in the upper Paran´a River, Brazil

Fig. 4. Relationship of infracommunity abundance of helminths inferred by mixed generalized linear modeling (GLMM) in potamotrygonids of the upper Parana´River. Abundance vs. (a) disc length (DL), (b) gonadal developmental stages (immature = 0, early development = 1, advanced development = 2, mature = 3 and rest = 4), (c) condition factor and (d) sex (males or females) (e) Host species (i.e. Potamotrygon amandae or Potamotrygon falkneri). and collection sites (S1 or S2) are random variables.

Fig. 1 in Working towards a conservation plan for fish parasites: Cyprinid parasites from the south African cape fold freshwater ecoregion as a case study

Fig. 1. Map illustrating localities where the five cyprinid hosts were collected in the Cape Fold ecoregion in the Western Cape, South Africa.

Fig. 7 in Working towards a conservation plan for fish parasites: Cyprinid parasites from the south African cape fold freshwater ecoregion as a case study

Fig. 7. Rarefaction/extrapolation curve estimating the diversity of parasites as a function of sampling effort for three of the five hosts collected in the OlifantsDoorn River System, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval obtained using the bootstrap method based on 100 repetitions. Created using iNEXT Online (Chao et al., 2016).

Fig. 4 in Working towards a conservation plan for fish parasites: Cyprinid parasites from the south African cape fold freshwater ecoregion as a case study

Fig. 4. Pseudobarbus calidus (Barnard, 1938) (max. length: 125 mm) (A). Sclerites of Paradiplozoon sp. from the gills (B). Acanthocephala from the body cavity, whole specimen (C) and hooks on proboscis (top left insert). Larval Contracaecum sp. from the body cavity, anterior (D) and posterior (E) ends, lateral view. Scale bars: 100 μm (B, C, D, E).

Fig. 6 in Working towards a conservation plan for fish parasites: Cyprinid parasites from the south African cape fold freshwater ecoregion as a case study

Fig. 6. Sedercypris erubescens (Skelton, 1974) (max. length: 120 mm) (A). Larval Contracaecum sp. from the body cavity, anterior (B) and posterior (C) ends, lateral view. Scale bars: 100 μm (B, C).

Fig. 5 in Working towards a conservation plan for fish parasites: Cyprinid parasites from the south African cape fold freshwater ecoregion as a case study

Fig. 5. Pseudobarbus phlegethon (Barnard, 1938) (max. length: 65 mm) (A); Acanthogyrus sp. found from the body cavity (B). Scale bar: 500 μm.

Fig. 3 in Working towards a conservation plan for fish parasites: Cyprinid parasites from the south African cape fold freshwater ecoregion as a case study

Fig. 3. Labeobarbus seeberi (Gilchrist et Thompson, 1913) (max. length: 270 mm) (A); Myxobolus sp. (B) and Dactylogyrus sp. from the gills of L. seeberi, hamuli and marginal hooks (C), male copulatory complex (D) and vagina (E). Lateral view of Rhabdochona sp. 2 from the intestine, anterior end of female (F) and male (G), posterior end of male (H); metacercariae of Diplostomidae (I) from black cysts on skin. Scale bars: 10 μm (B); 50 μm (D, E); 100 μm (C, F, G, H, I).

Fig. 2 in Working towards a conservation plan for fish parasites: Cyprinid parasites from the south African cape fold freshwater ecoregion as a case study

Fig. 2. Cheilobarbus serra (Peters, 1864) (max. length: 350 mm) (A); adult Paradiplozoon sp. (B) and sclerites in attachment clamps (C, D) found on the gills; hamuli of Gyrodactylus sp. (E) and marginal hooks (F), and a pre-metamorphic stage of the copepod belonging to the Lernaeidae (G), both from the gills. Anterior (H) and posterior (I) ends of Rhabdochona sp. 1 (lateral view) from the intestine; (J) whole specimen of the Caryophyllidea. Scale bars: 10 μm (E, F); 100 μm (C, D, G, H, I); 500 μm (B); 1000 μm (J).

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Fig. 4 in Integrated characterisation of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Daubayliidae) from a freshwater gastropod in South Africa, with comments on the biology of Daubaylia spp.

Fig. 4. Light (A–C) and scanning electron (D,E) micrographs of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. female. A, ovary anterior end; B, uterus and vulvular region; C, caudal region; D, ventral view of vulva and D, lateral view of anus. Abbreviations: a, anus; gz, germinal zone; k, knob-like protrusion; l, larva; o, oocyte; pvs, post-vulvular sac; tt, tail tip and v, vulva.

Fig. 2 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the experimental system used to test the host selection behavior of the isopods in the single-host treatments. A: Tachaea chinensis at 20-min acclimation. B: T. chinensis after release.

Fig. 3 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the experimental system used to test the host selection behavior of the isopods in the common vs un-common host treatments. A: Tachaea chinensis at 20-min acclimation. B: T. chinensis after release.