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FIG. 42 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 42. — Posteromedial view of the right side of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the medially inflected petrosal-exoccipitalsupraoccipital suture (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions). Abbreviations: Eo, exoccipital; maf, mastoid foramina; Pe, petrosal; ppe, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; og, occipital groove; pttf, posttemporal foramen; So, supraoccipital; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 51 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 51. Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating the internal aspect of the posterior part of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata, in medial view (MHNC 8399): A, opaque view; B, view with bone transparency leaving the bony labyrinth of the inner ear apparent (in blue). Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; acann, notch housing the external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus; aav, aperture of the vestibular aqueduct; asc, anterior semicircular canal; psc, posterior semicircular canal; can, cochlear canaliculus; cc, common crus; co, cochlear canal; saf, subarcuate fossa; fn, canal for the facial nerve; fsg, foramen singulare; tsf, tractus spiralis foraminosus (canal and cribriform tract for cochlear nerve); hyf, hypoglossal foramen. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 37 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 37 (continuation). — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) in ventral view: C, line drawings with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; ats, sulcus for the auditory (Eustachian) tube; Bo, basioccipital, Bs, basisphenoid; cf, carotid foramen; cp, crista parotica; deeam, dorsal edge of the external acoustic meatus; eacf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; eam, external acoustic meatus; egls, entoglenoid process of the squamosal; enpc, entopterygoid crest; Eo, exoccipital; epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; er, epitympanic recess; fi, fossa incudis; fo, foramen ovale; ftt, fossa for tensor tympani muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gf, glenoid fossa; glf, Glaserian fissure; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hfa, hiatus Fallopii; ju, jugular foramen; mact, medial articulation of the anterior crus of the ectotympanic; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; npr, notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; oc, occipital condyle; odm, probable origin of the digastric muscle; og, occipital groove; pge, postglenoid eminence; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; ppe, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; ppts, postpromontorial tympanic sinus; pr, promontorium; Pt, pterygoid; ptp, postympanic process of the squamosal; pyf, pyriform fenestra; pzc, postzygomatic crest; rtp, rostral typamnic process; sff, secondary facial foramen; sic, sulcus for internal carotid artery; smc, suprameatal crest; smf, suprameatal fossa; smn, stylomastoid notch; Sq, squamosal; ssa, sulcus for the stapedial artery; stf, stapedius fossa; tt, tegmen tympani; tyal, tympanic process of the alisphenoid; tyh, tympanohyal. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 36 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 36 (continuation). — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) in ventral view: C, line drawings with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; ats, sulcus for the auditory (Eustachian) tube; bcf, basicochlear fissure; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; cf, carotid foramen; cp, crista parotica; deeam, dorsal edge of the external acoustic meatus; eacf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; eam, external acoustic meatus; egls, entoglenoid process of the squamosal; Eo, exoccipital; er, epitympanic recess; fi, fossa incudis; fo, foramen ovale; ftt, fossa for tensor tympani muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gf, glenoid fossa; glf, glaserian fissure; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hfa, hiatus Fallopii; ju, jugular foramen; lctp, lateral caudal tympanic process; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; npr, notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; oc, occipital condyle; odm, probable origin of the digastric muscle; og, occipital groove; Pe, petrosal; pge, postglenoid eminence; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; ppe, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; pr, promontorium; ptp, postympanic process of the squamosal; pyf, pyriform fenestra; pzc, postzygomatic crest; rtp, rostral typamnic process; sff, secondary facial foramen; sic, sulcus for internal carotid artery; smc, suprameatal crest; smf, suprameatal fossa; smn, stylomastoid notch; Sq, squamosal; ssa, sulcus for the stapedial artery; stf, stapedius fossa; tt, tegmen tympani; tyal, tympanic process of the alisphenoid; tyh, tympanohyal. Scale bar: 1 cm. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 39 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 39. — Vessels and nerve reconstruction of the left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata in ventral view (MHNC 8372). Reconstruction of vessels and nerves are superimposed directly on 3D surface rendering of CT data. Abbreviations: abX, auricular branch of the vagus nerve; cca, common carotid artery; ct, chorda tympani; dpn, deep petrosal nerve; fn, facial nerve; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jv, jugular vein; ln, lingual nerve; mpn, minor petrosal nerve; nica, nerve of the internal carotid artery; npc, nerve of the pterygoid canal; oa, occipital artery; otg, otic ganglion; pgv, postglenoid vein; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; popc, posterior opening of the pterygoid canal; ri, ramus inferior; rio, ramus infrorbitalis; rm, ramus mandibularis; rp, ramus posterior; rs, ramus superior; sta, stapedial artery; tg, trigeminal ganglion; tn, tympanic nerve; V3, mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve; X, vagus nerve; XI, accessory nerve; XII, hypoglossal nerve. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 34 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 34. — Ventrolateral view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) showing the undetermined foramina discussed in text: A, right side; B, left side. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 50 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 50. — Surface rendering of CT data illustrating an isolated petrosal of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8360) in: A, lateral view; B, medioventral view; C, anterior view; D, cerebellar views. Abbreviations: aav, aperture of the vestibular aqueduct; acann, notch housing the external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus; ars, articular sulcus with the squamosal; cp, crista parotica; cpet, crista petrosa; eafc, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; er, epitympanic recess; fi, fossa incudis; fs, facial sulcus; ftt, fossa for the tensor tympani; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hfa, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal acoustic meatus; ips, sulcus of inferior petrosal sinus; lctp, lateral caudal tympanic process; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; npr, notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; pdrttp, posterodorsal root of the tegmen tympani process; pfc, prefacial commissure; pps, postpromontorial sinus; pr, promontory; ptn, posttemporal notch; pts, posttemporal sulcus; rcsc, roof of the cavum supracochleare; rtp, rostral tympanic process; saf, subarcuate fossa; san, sulcus for the auricular branch of the CN X; smn, stylomastoid notch; spss, sulcus for the superior petrosal sinus; sqs, squamosal articulation surface of petrosal; srsu, sulcus for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery; stf, stapedial fossa; stn, sulcus for the tympanic nerve; tt, tegmen tympani; tyh, tympanohyal. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 33 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 33. — Intracranial dorsal view of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the anterior opening of the alisphenoid canal in the ventromedial wall of the foramen rotundum canal (photograph, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): A, MHNC 8372; B, MHNC 8399. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; aoac, anterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; cpevs, sulcus for the capsuloparietal emissary vein; dos, dorsum sellae; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, internal auditory meatus; icf, internal carotid foramen; mtf, median temporal foramen; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; Pa, parietal; Pe, petrosal; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; Ps, presphenoid; Sq, squamosal; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 37 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 37. — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8399) in ventral view: A, stereophotographs; B, pencil drawing (cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted). Scale bar: 1 cm. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 31 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 31. — Anterolateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the foramina of the alisphenoid and orbitosphenoid: A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; aopc, anterior opening of the pterygoid canal; ef, ethmoidal foramen; fdf, frontal diploic foramina; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; se, septum; sf, sphenorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 29 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 29. — Dorsomedial view of the floor of the braincase of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372), showing the course of the trigeminal nerve: A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; fo, foramen ovale; Fr, frontal; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, internal acoustic meatus; icf, internal carotid foramen; jf, jugular foramen; Ju, jugal; mtf, median temporal foramen; Mx, maxilla; opf, optic foramen; Os, orbitosphenoid; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pe, petrosal; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; Ps, presphenoid; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, sphenorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal; valp, vestigial anterior lamina of the petrosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 30 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 30. — Reconstruction of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) on a surface rendering of CT data. Abbreviations:an, accessory nerve; fn, facial nerve (CN VII);gn, glossopharyngeal nerve; hyn, hypoglossal nerve; mdb, mandibular branch (CN V3); mxb, maxillary branch (CN V2); opb, ophtalmic branch (CN V1); tgg, trigeminal ganglion; tgn, trigeminal nerve; vn vagus nerve. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/ geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 32 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 32 — Three-dimensional rendering of CT data illustrating lateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing reconstruction of vessels and nerves reconstruction. Abbreviations: epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; fr, foramen rotundum; mxb, maxillar branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2); npc, nerve of the pterygoid canal; opb, ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1); opf, optic foramen; ota, orbitotemporal artery; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; otv, orbitotemporal vein; rio, ramus infraorbitalis; sf, sphenorbital fissure. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/ periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 45 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 45. — CT-slices through the skull of MHNC 8399. The numbers for each illustrated slice refer to the position of the slice within the sequence of 1952 images (resolution binned images, voxel size = 0.024 mm). Top of the skull toward the top, right side of the skull toward the left. Note that the slices are slightly oblique relative to the sagittal plane, and therefore the two sides of the skull are not exactly symmetrical on the images. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; atf, anterior temporal foramen; ats, sulcus for the auditory (Eustachian) tube; coc, cochlear canal; cpevs, sulcus of the capsuloparietal emissary vein; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acusticum inferius; fo, foramen ovale;fs, facial sulcus; frsu, foramen for the superior ramus of the stapedial artery; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; mtf, median temporal foramen; ots, orbitotemporal sulcus;pgf, postglenoid foramen;pr, promontory; prtf, posterior temporal foramen;psf, petrosquamosal fossa; ptc, posttemporal canal; saf, subarcuate fossa; scc, secondary common crus; sgc, sagittal crest; smf, suprameatal fossa; stf, stapedial fossa; ves, vestibule. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 36 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 36. — Left auditory region of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) in ventral view: A, stereophotographs; B, pencil drawing (cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted). Scale bar: 1 cm. A 3D photographic pdf file is available at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
FIG. 25 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 25. — Posterolateral view of the orbit of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) showing the relationships of the palatine, maxilla, lacrimal and frontal: A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; cpf, caudal palatine foramen; ef, ethmoidal foramen; fdf, frontal diploic foramina; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; fro, foramen rotundum; La, lacrimal; laf, lacrimal foramen; lat, lacrimal tubercle; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; sf, sphenorbital fissure; spf, sphenopalatine foramen; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 26 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 26. — Internal view of the skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the opening of the sphenopalatine canal in the nasal cavity (MHNC 8372). A, stereophotograph; B, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo; C, schematic drawing with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; fro, foramen rotundum; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; ots, orbitotemporal sulcus; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; pofrc, posterior opening of the foramen rotundum canal; Pt, pterygoid; spf, sphenopalatine foramen; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 24 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 24. — Anterolateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the relationships of the palatine, alisphenoid, and frontal and the anterior opening of the pterygoid canal (stereophotographs, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): A, MHNC 8372 (left side); B, MHNC 8372 (left side) with a slightly more anterior orientation in order to see the septum between the sphenorbital fissure and the foramen rotundum. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; aopc, anterior opening of the pterygoid canal; ef, ethmoidal foramen; epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; fdf, frontal diploic foramina; Fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; laf, lacrimal foramen; lat, lacrimal tubercle; Mx, maxilla; Os, orbitosphenoid; opf, optic foramen; otf, orbitotemporal foramen; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; sof, supraorbital foramen; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 5 mm.
FIG. 24 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 24 (continuation). — Anterolateral view of the orbitotemporal fossa of Alcidedorbignya inopinata showing the relationships of the palatine, alisphenoid, and frontal and the anterior opening of the pterygoid canal (stereophotographs, schematic drawing with bone sutures on photo, and schematic drawing with captions): C, MHNC 8399 (right side). Abbreviations: ant, anterior; aopc, anterior opening of the pterygoid canal; brcav, brain cavity; dors, dorsal; epal, ectopterygoid process of the alisphenoid; fro, foramen rotundum; med, medial; opf, optic foramen; sf, sphenorbital fissure. Scale bar: C, 5 mm.
FIG. 22 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 22. — Identification of internal spaces in the right lateral wall of the nasal cavity of the 3D-model of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372, septum removed). The spaces that received in life the scroll-like turbinals are delimited by bony laminae which are observable througth CT-slices (Fig. 21). Three main spaces are described in the text and illustrated here from posterior to anterior: olfactory recess (for ethmoturbinals etI to etIV – etI being the anterior projection of the posterior cupula that extends onto the lateral recess), frontal recess (for frontoturbinals frI and frII), maxillary recess (divided into superior and inferior maxillary spaces, for maxilloturbinal); the last two being part of the lateral recess (which also contained the nasoturbinal nt). A, ventromedial view; B, medial view; C, dorsomedial view. Abbreviations: crp, cribriform plate; dnm, dorsal nasal meatus; etI, fossa for ethmoturbinal I; etII, fossa for ethmoturbinal II; etIII, fossa for ethmoturbinal III; etIV, fossa for ethmoturbinal IV; fms, area of attachment of frontomaxillary septum; frI fossa for frontoturbinal I; frII, fossa for frontoturbinal II; fre, frontal recess; imre, inferior maxillary recess; mns, midline nasal septum; mxs, maxillary sinus; mxt, primary lamina of maxilloturbinal; nald, nasolacrimal duct; ntf, fossa for nasoturbinal; ore, olfactory recess; pya, pyriform aperture; smre, superior maxillary recess. Scale bar: 5 mm. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files.
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