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FIGURE 3 in A new moss salamander, genus Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the Costa Rica-Panama border region
FIGURE 3. Nototriton costaricense sp. nov. Photograph taken by BK.
FIGURE 5 in A new moss salamander, genus Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the Costa Rica-Panama border region
FIGURE 5. Views of the nostrils of Nototriton costaricense sp. nov. Photograph taken by BK.
Figure 1 from: Soares D, Adams R, Hammond S, Slay ME, Fenolio DB, Niemiller ML (2017) Evolution of Coprophagy and Nutrient Absorption in a Cave Salamander. Subterranean Biology 24: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.24.15013
Figure 1 - Eurycea spelaea showing troglobitic characters, lack of pigmentation and microphthalmy. Scale bar: 0.5 cm.
Figure 2 from: Soares D, Adams R, Hammond S, Slay ME, Fenolio DB, Niemiller ML (2017) Evolution of Coprophagy and Nutrient Absorption in a Cave Salamander. Subterranean Biology 24: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.24.15013
Figure 2 - Regression lines based on body mass loss of different diet types and amounts. Salamanders were fed nothing (green), live amphipods (red) or guano (blue). Groups were fed every four days based on their initial body weight, with 2.5% (A), 5% (B) or 10% (C). The calculated regression lines were as follows: Control -1.16x+96.01 R2 = 0.54, n = 10; 2.5%amphipod -0.26x+98.49, R2 = 0.39, n = 6; 2.5%guano -0.70x+93.58, R2 = 0.02, n = 6; 5%amphipod -0.28x+102.22, R2 = 0.03, n = 6; 5%guano -1.12x+98.89, R2 = 0.77, n = 6; 10%amphipod -0.35x+103.36, R2 = 0.21, n = 6; 10%guano -0.70x+96.01, R2 = 0.53, n = 6.
Figure 2 from: Gladstone NS, Carter ET, Niemiller KDK, Hayter LE, Niemiller ML (2018) A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders. Subterranean Biology 28: 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.28.30506
Figure 2 Dorsal view of the Gyrinophilusgulolineatus captured at Berry Cave. Photo credit: Matthew L. Niemiller.
Figure 1 from: Gladstone NS, Carter ET, Niemiller KDK, Hayter LE, Niemiller ML (2018) A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders. Subterranean Biology 28: 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.28.30506
Figure 1 Geographic distribution of the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilusgulolineatus) in relation to karst adapted from Weary and Doctor (2014). Blue circles represent cave localities from which the species has been reported, and the red star represents the location of Berry Cave. The top right image shows the main stream passage near the entrance of Berry Cave that continues throughout the entirety of our sampling area. The bottom right image shows the large individual captured on 12 August 2018. Photo credits: Matthew L. Niemiller.
Fig. 4 in Taxonomic Re-examination of the Yamato Salamander Hynobius vandenburghi: Description of a New Species from Central Honshu, Japan
Fig. 4) is difficUlt to confirm aftEr prEsErvation. Natural History. The main vegetation in the surrounding habitat of the new species is an evergreen forest of Fagaceae trees (i.e., Castanopsis and Quercus spp.) (Fig. 5). Larvae have black spots on the lateral sides of their body and tail, and thEy havE no claws on thE tips of thEir fingErs and toEs. In the early developmental stages of the larvae, they have one pair of balancers. Egg sacs are banana-shaped and are attached to fallen leaves or branches in puddles or ponds at forest edges from February to April. Distribution. It is known from Nagoya-shi (including the Midori-ku, Tenpaku-ku, Moriyama-ku, Chikusa-ku, and Meito-ku), Tokai-shi, Chita-shi, Tokoname-shi, Setoshi, Toyota-shi (only former Fujioka-cho), Nagakuteshi, and Owariasahi-shi, and Higashiura-cho, Aguicho, Mihama-cho, Taketoyo-cho, and Minamichita-cho (Matsui et al., 2019) in Aichi Prefecture. In this study, DNA data from Higashiura-cho and Agui-cho were not included, but adult specimens from these towns are stored in thE Toyohashi MUsEUm of NatUral History (confirmEd by T. Fujitani). It is possible that this species may also be distributed in Handa-shi, but reliable records on its inhabitation are not available. Probably, the populations of Tokai-shi, Chita-shi, and Tokoname-shi, as well as Higashiura-cho, Agui-cho, and Taketoyo-cho, were already Extinct by 2021 basEd on oUr fiEld sUrvEys. Remarks. The new species forms a monophyletic group with H. vandenburghi (Matsui et al., 2019). The results of our study support this hypothesis by BI, but the posterior probability is not high (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 in Taxonomic Re-examination of the Yamato Salamander Hynobius vandenburghi: Description of a New Species from Central Honshu, Japan
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree produced using Bayesian inference (BI) based on 585-bp cytochrome b sequences rooted with Salamandrella keyserlingii as an outgroup. Scale represents genetic distance (expect for changes per site). Numbers located near the nodes are posterior probabilities (PP) for BI and bootstrap values (BS) for maximum likelihood estimation. Values appearing in parentheses after the haplotype names correspond to population localities as indicated in Table 1 and Fig. 1. Asterisks after the parentheses (Pops. 1 and 19) indicate the type locality of each species.
Salamanders of China (myspecies): Resource (250) DwCA
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Table 4 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
<p><b>Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander <i>Plethodon petraeuS</i>. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration <i>¼</i> minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency <i>¼</i> occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle <i>¼</i> foot dance and foot shuffle. MG <i>¼</i> mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.02, ** <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.01, *** <i>P</i></b>, 0.001.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Duration of period or behavior</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td><b>Apart</b></td><td><b>Close</b></td><td><b>MG</b></td><td><b>Discontinuous,</b> <b>female-first TSW</b></td><td><b>Continuous,</b> <b>female-first TSW</b></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><b>(</b>. <b>2.5 cm)</b></td><td><b>(2.5 cm)</b></td><td><b>sliding</b></td></tr><tr><th>Male frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>I 0.922***</td><td>A 0.528*</td><td></td><td>I 0.734*</td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>I 0.748*</td></tr><tr><th>MG swipe</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>C 0.704*</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Mouth grasp</th><td>I 0.856**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.595**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.806**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.751***</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
<p><b>Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander <i>Plethodon petraeuS</i>. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle <i>¼</i> foot dance and foot shuffle. MG <i>¼</i> mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.025, ** <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.015, *** <i>P</i></b>, 0.001.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><b>Male behavior</b></th><th><b>Female behavior</b></th></tr><tr><th></th><th><b>Mouth</b> <b>grasp</b></th><th><b>Position</b> <b>for TSW</b></th><th><b>Undulate</b> <b>tail</b></th><th><b>Turn</b> <b>back</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Male behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>A 0.773***</td><td>A 0.660**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td>I 0.824**</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.548**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.801**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td>A 0.507*</td><td></td><td>C 0.762**</td></tr><tr><th>Chin over</th><td></td><td>A 0.566**</td><td>C 0.793**</td><td>A 0.912***</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
<p><b>Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander <i>Plethodon petraeuS</i>. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding <i>¼</i> mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd <i>¼</i> discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc <i>¼</i> continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW <i>¼</i> unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW <i>¼</i> successful position for TSW. (H) TSW <i>¼</i> tail-straddling walk. (I) SD <i>¼</i> spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS <i>¼</i> lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC <i>¼</i> position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G <i>¼</i> duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K <i>¼</i> total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K <i>¼</i> total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1 r <i>¼</i> 0.952, <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2 r <i>¼</i> 0.770, <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3 r <i>¼</i> 0.964, <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4 r <i>¼</i> 0.765, <i>P</i></b>, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><b>Pre-TSW phase</b></th><th><b>TSW & sperm-transfer phase</b></th></tr><tr><th></th><th><b>(A)</b> <b>1</b></th><th><b>(B)</b></th><th><b>(C)</b> <b>2,3</b></th><th><b>(D)</b> <b>2,4</b></th><th><b>(E)</b></th><th><b>(F)</b> <b>3,4</b></th><th><b>(G)</b></th><th><b>(H)</b> <b>1</b></th><th><b>(I)</b></th><th><b>(J)</b></th><th><b>(K)</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Pair</b></th><th><b>Apart</b></th><th><b>Close</b></th><th><b>Sliding</b></th><th><b>ffTSWd</b></th><th><b>ffTSWc</b></th><th><b>upTSW</b></th><th><b>spTSW</b></th><th><b>TSW</b></th><th><b>SD</b></th><th><b>LOS</b></th><th><b>POC</b></th><th><b>B to G</b></th><th><b>B to K</b></th><th><b>A to K</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>29</td><td>152</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>31</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.5*</td><td>166</td><td>204.9</td><td>233.9</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>13</td><td>122</td><td>3</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td>22</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.4*</td><td>153</td><td>183.7</td><td>196.7</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>9</td><td>69</td><td>19</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>2</td><td>23</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>166</td><td>197.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>2</td><td>66</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>5</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.5*</td><td>91</td><td>126.1</td><td>334.3</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>71</td><td>24</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>42</td><td>7</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.5*</td><td>39</td><td>88.8</td><td>159.8</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>172</td><td>45</td><td>35</td><td>26</td><td>170</td><td>35</td><td>12</td><td>223</td><td>9</td><td>0.3</td><td></td><td>323</td><td>555.3</td><td>727.3</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>12</td><td>69</td><td>33</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td>20</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>140</td><td>169.2</td><td>181.2</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>8</td><td>36</td><td>33</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>42</td><td>1</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.7</td><td>119</td><td>154</td><td>162</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>29</td><td>119</td><td>68</td><td>15</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>10</td><td>43</td><td>7</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>285</td><td>336.1</td><td>365.1</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>8</td><td>323</td><td>48</td><td>32</td><td>0</td><td>88</td><td>12</td><td>32</td><td>6</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.9*</td><td>503</td><td>542.3</td><td>550.3</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>33</td><td>184</td><td>210</td><td>46</td><td>0</td><td>270</td><td>5</td><td>30</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6*</td><td>715</td><td>754</td><td>787</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><td>386</td><td>1209</td><td>466</td><td>158</td><td>170</td><td>623</td><td>74</td><td>518</td><td>83</td><td>4.3</td><td>6.3</td><td>2700</td><td>3311.6</td><td>3697.6</td></tr><tr><th>Mean</th><td>35.1</td><td>109.9</td><td>42.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>15.5</td><td>56.6</td><td>6.7</td><td>47.1</td><td>7.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>245.5</td><td>301.1</td><td>369.8</td></tr><tr><th>SD</th><td>49.4</td><td>86.7</td><td>59.3</td><td>15.1</td><td>51.3</td><td>77.2</td><td>4.7</td><td>58.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>202.3</td><td>218.6</td><td>237.3</td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to G</th><td></td><td>44.8</td><td>17.3</td><td>5.9</td><td>6.3</td><td>23.1</td><td>2.7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to K</th><td></td><td>36.5</td><td>14.1</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.1</td><td>18.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>15.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>A to K</th><td>10.4</td><td>32.7</td><td>12.6</td><td>4.3</td><td>4.6</td><td>16.8</td><td>2.0</td><td>14.0</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: Habitat attributes associated with short-term settlement of Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) salamanders following translocation to the wild
1. Organisms associated with lotic systems rank among the most threatened because of global change. Although translocation is being increasingly applied as a conservation strategy, most studies have focused on survival and recruitment of individuals, and few have attempted to identify how habitat attributes influence short-term settlement of animals during the critical post-release period. 2. We demonstrate the application of resource selection modelling in an information theoretic framework to identify release-site characteristics that will increase the likelihood of settlement for a fully aquatic benthic stream salamander, the Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi). We fit discrete choice models using data from 29 radio-tagged hellbenders that were translocated to two sites in the North Fork of the White River (NFWR), Missouri (U.S.A.). We defined resource availability at two spatial scales (stream reach and home range) and quantified abiotic habitat attributes at 3181 salamander locations and 6329 random available locations collected between May 2008 and August 2009. 3. At both sites and spatial scales, a single model received substantially greater support (0.96–1.00 of total model weight) than all other models, and top-ranked models were similar in form and predictive ability. At both spatial scales, selection was positively influenced by the presence of cobble-boulder substratum relative to bedrock and finer substrata. We also noted a negative interactive effect between distance to the nearest substratum particle large enough to provide cover (i.e. at least one axis ≥15 cm in length) and an increase in either a direct or relative (i.e. pool, run, and riffle) measure of water velocity. 4. Collectively, salamanders released in our study selected resources indicative of long-term benthic microhabitat stability. However, despite strong selection of cobble-boulder substratum, 8% (282 of 3181) of captive-reared hellbender locations occurred in bank crevices and root masses. Although several studies have reported the importance of near bed hydraulics in determining occurrence of stream macroinvertebrates, our findings are the first to indicate that spacing among cobble-boulder substrata may be important for hellbenders. 5. To increase the likelihood of short-term settlement of captive-reared hellbenders in the wild, we recommend prioritising release sites where the average distance between cobble-boulder particles within habitat patches is minimised. In general, average spacing among cobble and boulder substrata should be <1 m in habitat patches where mean benthic water velocity exceeds 0.1 m s−1, and <0.5 m where water velocity approaches 0.30 m s−1. Based on home range sizes of captive-reared Ozark hellbenders, the collective extent of suitable cobble-boulder habitat patches within release sites should approximate at least 10 m2 per salamander released.
Data from: A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
The extant amphibians are one of the most diverse radiations of terrestrial vertebrates (>6800 species). Despite much recent focus on their conservation, diversification, and systematics, no previous phylogeny for the group has contained more than 522 species. However, numerous studies with limited taxon sampling have generated large amounts of partially overlapping sequence data for many species. Here, we combine these data and produce a novel estimate of extant amphibian phylogeny, containing 2871 species (40% of the known extant species) from 432 genera (85% of the 500 currently recognized extant genera). Each sampled species contains up to 12,712 bp from 12 genes (three mitochondrial, nine nuclear), with an average of 2563 bp per species. This data set provides strong support for many groups recognized in previous studies, but it also suggests non-monophyly for several currently recognized families, particularly in hyloid frogs (e.g., Ceratophryidae, Cycloramphidae, Leptodactylidae, Strabomantidae). To correct these and other problems, we provide a revised classification of extant amphibians for taxa traditionally delimited at the family and subfamily levels. This new taxonomy includes several families not recognized in current classifications (e.g., Alsodidae, Batrachylidae, Rhinodermatidae, Odontophrynidae, Telmatobiidae), but which are strongly supported and important for avoiding non-monophyly of current families. Finally, this study provides further evidence that the supermatrix approach provides an effective strategy for inferring large-scale phylogenies using the combined results of previous studies, despite many taxa having extensive missing data.
Social group size influences pathogen transmission in salamanders
<p>Individuals within animal societies are expected to mitigate the costs and enhance the benefits associated with group living. For example, sociality can facilitate the sharing of beneficial microbes among individuals, but can also increase transmission of pathogens, representing a major cost of group living. We examine the costs of sociality in the California slender salamander (<i>Batrachoseps attenuatus), </i>a terrestrial salamander which naturally forms close social aggregations. We investigate whether innate sociality (e.g., skin-to-skin contact) increases an individual's transmission risk of <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd)</i>, a fungal pathogen that emerged throughout the salamander's range over the last 50 years and has decimated hundreds of amphibian species globally<i>.</i> We found that in captivity, <i>B. attenuatus</i> exhibit random mixing within social groups, resulting in high contact rates and high potential for <i>Bd</i> transmission. Our experimental infection trials resulted in 50% mortality after one month in moist conditions. In order to test how group size affects pathogen transmission, we manipulated social group size and found a marked effect on the spread <i>Bd</i> among individuals; a single, uninfected individual contracted <i>Bd</i> much more rapidly in larger groups of infected individuals. Surprisingly, this did not translate into a more rapid death rate or higher pathogen infection loads. Our results show that the innate behavior of group formation represents a per-individual risk of socially acquired directly transmissible pathogens and is magnified in larger social groups. This study highlights one important cost of sociality in terrestrial salamanders and underscores the general susceptibility of social animals to novel invasive pathogens.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species
FIGURE 2. Map of Italy showing the sampling sites of Salamandrina terdigitata.
Figure 77 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 77. Single most parsimonious tree, of 530 steps, generated by PAUP, illustrating the phylogenetic relationships of the major amphibian clades. Numbers at nodes represent decay index values. Numbers in parentheses are bootstrap percentage values. Bootstrap support less than 50% is not indicated.
Figure 15 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 15. Hyobranchial skeleton and musculature of the plethodontid salamander Eurycea bislineata. Note the great length of the ceratobranchial. Modified from Bramble & Wake (1985).
Figure 37 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 37. Skull of the most primitive fossil caecilian, Eocaecilia, from the Lower Jurassic of Arizona in dorsal, palatal, lateral, and occipital views. Reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press).
Figure 3 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 3. Reconstructions of Mesozoic representatives of the modern amphibian orders. A, the Lower Cretaceous salamander Valdotriton gracilis. Reproduced from Evans & Milner (1996). B, the Lower Jurassic anuran Prosalirus bitis. Reproduced from Shubin & Jenkins (1995). C, the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia micropodia. Reproduced from Jenkins & Walsh (1993).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.