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2,390 results for “butterflies”
Data for: Recent range shifts of moths, butterflies, and birds are driven by the breadth of their climatic niche
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Opsin data from: Multiple axes of visual system diversity in Ithomiini, an ecologically diverse tribe of mimetic butterflies
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Data for: Community science reveals high diversity of nectaring plants visited by painted lady butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in California sage scrub
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Data from: Sex-linked gene traffic underlies the acquisition of sexually dimorphic UV color vision in Heliconius butterflies
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Figure 4 in Description and biology of two new egg parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of Heliconiini butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Panama
Figure 4. Trichogramma soberania sp. nov., holotype male (a) genitalia, ventral view; (b) genital, dorsal view; (c) antenna; (d) veins of fore wing.
Wing morphological responses to latitude and colonisation in a range expanding butterfly
<p>Images of male Speckled Wood butterfly (<em>Pararge aegeria</em>) wings that were collected (during 2016-2018) across a recently expanded range in mainland Britain. The wings were used to study changes in morphology (size and shape) and colour with colonisation history, latitude and temperature.</p> <p>Images were taken by Evelyn D. Taylor-Cox and Claire Williams in the Lepidoptera Ecological Genetics Group at the Univeristy of Liverpool, under the supervision of Ilik J. Saccheri. </p> <p> </p> <p>Files included:</p> <ol> <li>Parage_aegeria_RAW.zip <ul> <li>Nikon raw camera images (.NEF) with ColorGauge Micro Target (Image Science Associates) colour calibration grid</li> </ul> </li> <li>Raw_example.NEF <ul> <li>Example raw image for preview</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pararge_aegeria_landmarks_jpeg.zip <ul> <li>Selected wings for landmarking and associated landmark coordinate files (.TPS)</li> <li>These images have been calibrated and cropped to either the left forewing or hindwing (dorsal surfaces only)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pararge_aegeria_colour_png.zip <ul> <li>Selected wings for colour analysis (.png)</li> <li>These images have been calibrated and cropped to either the left forewing or hindwing (both ventral and dorsal)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Calib_cropped_FW_D_example.png <ul> <li>Example cropped and calibrated forewing image, dorsal surface (in .png format)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>Nomenculture (for 2017/18 samples, principle collector EDTC):</p> <ul> <li>PA_*_XX: site number (*) and site code (XX)</li> <li>_##: within site sample number (##)</li> <li>_V or _D: ventral or dorsal surface</li> </ul> <p>Nomenculture (for 2016/7 samples, principle collector CM):</p> <ul> <li>PA_**M#: site reference(**)_Male (M)_within site number(#)</li> <li>_V or _D: ventral or dorsal surface</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>This work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC ACCE: studentship to EDTC, grant number NE/L002450/1, NE/N015711/1 awarded to IJS and NE/N015797/1 JKH).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Please contact Ilik J. Saccheri (saccheri@liverpool.ac.uk) or Evelyn D. Taylor-Cox (e.taylorcox@hotmail.co.uk) for requests.</strong></p> <p> </p>
FIGURE 1 in Stabilisation of some names of European butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in their prevailing usage
FIGURE 1. (A). Lectotype (♂) of Pieris daplidice race nitida Verity, 1908: (d) dorsal (v) ventral (MZUF). (B). Neotype (♀) of [Papilio] ausonia Hübner, [1804]: (d) dorsal (v) ventral) (MZUF). (C). Centre: Original Freyer's sealed box containing the Neotype (♂) of Pontia simplonia Freyer, 1829 (bottom right), together with a female of the same species (top left); Left: electronically extracted enlargement of the Neotype (♂) (d) dorsal (JME). (D). Lectotype (♂) of Euchloe crameri Butler, 1869 as designated by Rothschild (1914) (NHMUK). (E). Lectotype (♂) of Euchloe ausonia var. esperi Kirby, 1871 (5) (NMI). Labels relative to the illustrated specimens are shown on the right of each row.
Supplementary material 7 from: Wiemers M, Chazot N, Wheat CW, Schweiger O, Wahlberg N (2020) A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies. ZooKeys 938: 97-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.50878
Figure S5. Time-calibrated tree of European butterflies Section IV: Nymphalidae Part II: Subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae & Satyrinae
Supplementary material 4 from: Wiemers M, Chazot N, Wheat CW, Schweiger O, Wahlberg N (2020) A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies. ZooKeys 938: 97-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.50878
Figure S2. Time-calibrated tree of European butterflies Section I: Papilionidae, Hesperiidae & Pieridae
Supplementary material 6 from: Wiemers M, Chazot N, Wheat CW, Schweiger O, Wahlberg N (2020) A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies. ZooKeys 938: 97-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.50878
Figure S4. Time-calibrated tree of European butterflies Section III: Nymphalidae Part I: Subfamilies Limenitidinae, Heliconiinae, Apaturinae & Nymphalinae
Supplementary material 1 from: Wiemers M, Chazot N, Wheat CW, Schweiger O, Wahlberg N (2020) A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies. ZooKeys 938: 97-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.50878
Table listing of European butterfly species with higher taxonomy, voucher codes and accession numbers for the sequences used to build the phylogeny.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the highlands of Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 4. Natural habitat and adults of Carminda surpresa sp. nov. A, B. General view of the wet grasslands where the species can be found; C. Adult male perched with wings closed on an inflorescence of Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae); D. Adult female perched on a grass leaf with wings opened.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the highlands of Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 2. Male genitalia of Carminda surpresa sp. nov. A. Lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. Ventral view; D. Detailed ventral view of valvae tip and the small "teeth" at costa region; E. Aedeagus (lateral above, dorsal below); F. Magnified view of anterior portion of aedeagus showing details of randomly distributed knobs and the small cornuti; G, H. Female genitalia (lateral left, ventral right).
Data from: Evolution of multiple sex-chromosomes associated with dynamic genome reshuffling in Leptidea wood-white butterflies
<p>Sex chromosome systems tend to be highly conserved and knowledge about their evolution typically comes from macroevolutionary inferences. Rapidly evolving complex sex chromosome systems represent a rare opportunity to study the mechanisms of sex chromosome evolution at unprecedented resolution. Three cryptic species of wood white butterflies – <i><span>Leptidea juvernica</span></i>, <i><span>L. sinapis</span></i>, and <i><span>L. reali</span></i> – have each a unique set of multiple sex chromosomes with 3–4 W and 3–4 Z chromosomes. Using a transcriptome-based microarray for comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) and a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, both developed in <i><span>L. juvernica</span></i>, we identified Z-linked <i><span>Leptidea</span></i> orthologs of <i><span>Bombyx mori</span></i> genes and mapped them by fluorescence <i><span>in situ</span></i> hybridization (FISH) with BAC probes on multiple Z chromosomes. In all three species, we determined synteny blocks of autosomal origin and reconstructed the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes. In addition, we identified W-homologs of Z-linked orthologs and characterized their molecular differentiation. Our results suggest that the multiple sex chromosome system evolved in a common ancestor of these three <i><span>Leptidea</span></i> species as a result of dynamic genome reshuffling through repeated rearrangements between the sex chromosomes and autosomes, including translocations and fissions. Thus, the sex chromosome turnover could not play a role in reproductive isolation between the <i><span>Leptidea </span></i>species studied. However, we suggest that subsequent species-specific rearrangements of multiple sex chromosomes, along with different rates of neo-W chromosome degeneration and significantly increased number of Z-linked genes could accelerate the accumulation of genetic incompatibilities between populations and promote their divergence resulting in speciation.</p>
Data from: Recombination rate variation shapes barriers to introgression across butterfly genomes
Hybridisation and introgression can dramatically alter the relationships among groups of species, leading to phylogenetic discordance across the genome and between populations. Introgression can also erode species differences over time, but selection against introgression at certain loci acts to maintain post-mating species barriers. Theory predicts that species barriers made up of many loci throughout the genome should lead to a broad correlation between introgression and recombination rate, which determines the extent to which selection on deleterious foreign alleles will affect neutral alleles at physically linked loci. Here we describe the variation in genealogical relationships across the genome among three species of Heliconius butterflies: H. melpomene, H. cydno and H. timareta, using whole genomes of 92 individuals, and ask whether this variation can be explained by heterogeneous barriers to introgression. We find that species relationships vary predictably at the chromosomal scale. By quantifying recombination rate and admixture proportions, we then show that rates of introgression are predicted by variation in recombination rate. This implies that species barriers are highly polygenic, with selection acting against introgressed alleles across most of the genome. In addition, long chromosomes, which have lower recombination rates, produce stronger barriers on average than short chromosomes. Finally, we find a consistent difference between two species pairs on either side of the Andes, which suggests differences in the architecture of the species barriers. Our findings illustrate how the combined effects of hybridisation, recombination and natural selection, acting at multitudes of loci over long periods, can dramatically sculpt the phylogenetic relationships among species.
Contribution of genetic versus plastic responses to adaptive patterns in a widespread butterfly along a latitudinal cline
<p>Understanding how organisms adapt to complex environments is a central goal of evolutionary biology and ecology. This issue is of special interest in the current era of rapidly changing climatic conditions. Here, we investigate clinal variation and plastic responses in life history, morphology, and physiology in the butterfly <i>Pieris napi</i> along a pan-European gradient by exposing butterflies raised in captivity to different temperatures. We found clinal variation in body size, growth rates and concomitant development time, wing aspect ratio, wing melanisation, and heat tolerance. Individuals from warmer environments were more heat-tolerant, had less melanised wings and a shorter development but still they were larger than individuals from cooler environments. These findings suggest selection for rapid growth in the warmth and for wing melanisation in the cold, and thus fine-tuned genetic adaptation to local climates. Irrespective of the origin of butterflies, the effects of higher developmental temperature were largely as expected, speeding up development, reducing body size, potential metabolic activity, and wing melanisation, while increasing heat tolerance. At least in part, these patterns likely reflect adaptive phenotypic plasticity. In summary, our study revealed pronounced plastic and genetic responses, which may indicate high adaptive capacities in our study organism. Whether this may help such species though to deal with current climate change needs further investigation, as clinal patterns have typically evolved over long periods.</p>
Data from: Urban forest fragments as unexpected sanctuaries for the rare endemic ghost butterfly from the Atlantic forest.
Anthropogenic land expansion, particularly urbanization, is pervasive, dramatically modifies the environment and is a major threat to wildlife with its associated environmental stressors. Urban remnant vegetation can help mitigate these impacts and could be vital for species unable to survive in harsh urban environments. Although resembling non-urban habitats, urban vegetation remnants are subject to additional environmental stresses. Here we evaluate the occurrence and density of the endemic ghost butterfly (Morpho epistrophus nikolajewna), that was once common, in the highly fragmented Atlantic forest of NE Brazil. We tested whether this butterfly would be found at lower densities in urban forest fragments of contrasting sizes as opposed to rural ones, given the number of environmental stressors found in urban areas. We surveyed 14 forest fragments (range 2.8 to over 3000 ha) of semi-deciduous Atlantic forest in rural and urban locations using transect based distance sampling. The ghost butterflies showed strong seasonality; flying only from April to June. They were only identified in an urban fragment (515 ha), with an estimate of 720 individuals and a density 1.4 ind/ha. All forest fragments had experienced some level of logging in the past, which might have had an effect in the butterfly population. Nevertheless, rural forest fragments were subject to increased particulate matter concentrations, associated to biomass burning, that we suggest might have had a more influential role driving the collapse of rural populations. Our findings show the importance of urban forest remnants to sustain population of this endangered species.
Secondary contact zones of closely-related Erebia butterflies overlap with narrow phenotypic and parasitic clines
Zones of secondary contact between closely related taxa are a common legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Despite their abundance, the factors that keep species apart and prevent hybridisation are often unknown. Here we study a very narrow contact zone between three closely related butterfly species of the Erebia tyndarus species complex. Using genomic data, we first determined if gene flow occurs and then assessed whether it might be hampered by differences in chromosome number between some species. We found interspecific gene flow between sibling species that differ in karyotype by one chromosome. Conversely, only F1 hybrids occurred between two species that have the same karyotype, forming a steep genomic cline. In a second step, we fitted clines to phenotypic, ecological and parasitic data to identify the factors associated with the genetic cline. We found clines for phenotypic data and the prevalence of the endosymbiont parasite Wolbachia to overlap with the genetic cline, suggesting that they might be drivers for separating the two species. Overall our results highlight that some gene flow is possible between closely-related species despite different chromosome numbers, but that other barriers restrict such gene flow.
Heliconiini butterflies can learn time-dependent reward associations
For many pollinators, flowers provide predictable temporal schedules of resource availability, meaning an ability to learn time-dependent information could be widely beneficial. However, this ability has only been demonstrated in a handful of species. Observational studies of Heliconius butterflies suggest that they may have an ability to form time-dependent foraging preferences. Heliconius are unique among butterflies in actively collecting pollen, a dietary behaviour linked to spatiotemporally faithful 'trap-line' foraging. Time-dependency of foraging preferences is hypothesised to allow Heliconius to exploit temporal predictability in alternative pollen resources. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that Heliconius hecale can learn opposing colour preferences in two time periods. This shift in preference is robust to the order of presentation, suggesting that preference is tied to the time of day and not due to ordinal or interval learning. However, this ability is not limited to Heliconius, as previously hypothesised, but is also present in a related genus of non-pollen feeding butterflies. This demonstrates that time learning likely pre-dates the origin of pollen-feeding and may be prevalent across butterflies with less specialized foraging behaviours.
Distribution maps and climatic niches analysis of Heliconius butterflies
<p>Distribution maps of <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies and climatic niches analysis between co-occurring and hybridizing species.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.